1. Evidence of Evolution From Biology
Living Organisms

2. Biological Evidence of Evolution
1. Embryology
2.Homologous and Analogous Features
3. Vestigial Features and Anatomical Oddities
4. Biochemical Evidence
5. Artificial Selection

3. 1. Embryology The study of organism in the early stages of development
Von Baer (a German Scientist ) said he could not differentiate between the embryos of lizards, birds and mammals.
It was later suggested that similarities where do to their evolution from a common ancestor
Embryology helps identify homologous structures

4. Human Embryology
~ 1-2 days ~ 41 days ~ 52 days ~ 120 days

6. 2. Homologous and Analogous Features
Homologous Features
Features with similar structures but different functions
Example – flippers of a seal, forelimbs of a dog, wings of a bat, the human arm
Homologous structure are thought to have followed a process of divergent evolution.
Divergent Evolution – the process where to species with the same ancestor have developed different forms and functions as a result of adaptations to different environments

8. Analogous Features
Features that are similar in appearance and function, but do not appear to have the same evolutionary origin
Example: wings of a insect and wings of a bird
Analogous structures are thought to have evolved through a process of convergent evolution
Convergent Evolution – independent evolution of traits based on adaptation to similar environments

10. Divergent Evolution Convergent Evolution Analogous Structures
Homologous Structures
- same origin, different appearance and function
Convergent Evolution
Analogous Structures
- different origin, similar
appearance and function

11. 3. Vestigial Features and Anatomical Oddities
Vestigial Features are rudimentary structures with no apparent useful function
This suggests that they once served some function in an ancient ancestor, but the organism evolved to function without the structure.
Eg. Whales and snakes have vestigial hip and leg bones!

12. Vestigial Hipbones in a whale

13. 4. Biochemical Evidence
Based on the theory that all life came from one original cell
Genetic material (DNA) is similar in all organisms
This is “tested” by comparing the number of differences in amino acid sequences. The fewer differences, the closer related the organisms are. The more differences, the further apart the organisms are from a common ancestor.

14. Example: G A G G A A G G T T C G G T C G A C G T A C G T A C G A T C
Cow:
G A G G A A G G T T C G G T C
Human:
G A C G T A C G T A C G A T C
Monkey:
G A G G T A A G T A C C A T C

15. Here’s a Thinker!
Just like biologists descovered vestigial anatomical features, geneticists are discovering vestigial genes!!!!
Humans have a set of (defective) genes that would allow us to make our own Vitamin C! Fortunately for Florida orange growers, we have lost both the ability and the need to make our own.

16. 5. Artificial Selection
The process of humans selecting and breeding individuals with specific desired traits.

17. Classwork Practice Questions page 145 # 1-2
Lab Exercise 5.A on page 147
Do the evidence and analysis
5.3 Questions page 149 # 1-3