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Movement across the Cell Membrane (Ch. 7)
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Diffusion 2nd Law of Thermodynamics governs biological systems
universe tends towards disorder (entropy) Movement from high concentration of that substance to low concentration of that substance. Diffusion movement from HIGH LOW concentration
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Simple Diffusion Move from HIGH to LOW concentration movement of water
“passive transport” no energy needed movement of water diffusion osmosis
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Facilitated Diffusion
Diffusion through protein channels channels move specific molecules across cell membrane no energy needed facilitated = with help open channel = fast transport HIGH LOW Donuts! Each transport protein is specific as to the substances that it will translocate (move). For example, the glucose transport protein in the liver will carry glucose from the blood to the cytoplasm, but not fructose, its structural isomer. Some transport proteins have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a tunnel through the membrane -- simply provide corridors allowing a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane. These channel proteins allow fast transport. For example, water channel proteins, aquaporins, facilitate massive amounts of diffusion. “The Bouncer”
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conformational change
Active Transport Cells may need to move molecules against concentration gradient conformational shape change transports solute from one side of membrane to other protein “pump” “costs” energy = ATP conformational change LOW HIGH Some transport proteins do not provide channels but appear to actually translocate the solute-binding site and solute across the membrane as the protein changes shape. These shape changes could be triggered by the binding and release of the transported molecule. This is model for active transport. ATP “The Doorman”
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Active transport Many models & mechanisms ATP ATP antiport symport
Plants: nitrate & phosphate pumps in roots. Why? Nitrate for amino acids Phosphate for DNA & membranes Not coincidentally these are the main constituents of fertilizer Supplying these nutrients to plants Replenishing the soil since plants are depleting it antiport symport
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Getting through cell membrane
Passive Transport Simple diffusion nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules HIGH LOW concentration gradient Facilitated transport polar, hydrophilic molecules through a protein channel Active transport against concentration gradient LOW HIGH uses a protein pump (requires ATP) ATP
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Transport summary simple diffusion facilitated diffusion
ATP active transport
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What about large molecules?
Moving large molecules into & out of cell through vesicles & vacuoles endocytosis phagocytosis = “cellular eating” pinocytosis = “cellular drinking” exocytosis exocytosis
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Endocytosis fuse with lysosome for digestion phagocytosis
non-specific process pinocytosis triggered by molecular signal receptor-mediated endocytosis
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About Osmosis Water is very important to life, so we talk about water separately Diffusion of water from HIGH concentration of water to LOW concentration of water across a semi-permeable membrane
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Concentration of water
Direction of osmosis is determined by comparing total solute concentrations Hypertonic - more solute, less water Hypotonic - less solute, more water Isotonic - equal solute, equal water hypotonic hypertonic water net movement of water
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Managing water balance
Cell survival depends on balancing water uptake & loss freshwater balanced saltwater
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Managing water balance
1 Managing water balance Hypotonic a cell in fresh water high concentration of water around cell problem: cell gains water, swells & can burst example: Paramecium solution: contractile vacuole pumps water out of cell Uses ATP plant cells turgid = full cell wall protects from bursting KABOOM! No problem, here ATP freshwater
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Pumping water out Contractile vacuole in Paramecium ATP
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Managing water balance
2 Managing water balance Hypertonic a cell in salt water low concentration of water around cell problem: cell loses water & can die example: shellfish solution: take up water or pump out salt plant cells plasmolysis = wilt can recover I’m shrinking, I’m shrinking! I will survive! saltwater
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Managing water balance
3 Managing water balance Isotonic animal cell immersed in mild salt solution no difference in concentration of water between cell & environment problem: none no net movement of water cell in equilibrium volume of cell is stable example: blood cells in blood plasma slightly salty IV solution in hospital That’s perfect! I could be better… balanced
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Aquaporins 1991 | 2003 Water moves rapidly into & out of cells
evidence that there were water channels protein channels allowing flow of water across cell membrane Peter Agre John Hopkins Roderick MacKinnon Rockefeller
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Do you understand Osmosis…
Cell (compared to beaker) hypertonic or hypotonic Beaker (compared to cell) hypertonic or hypotonic Which way does the water flow? in or out of cell
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Any Questions??
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Review Questions
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1. A solution of 1 M glucose is separated by a selectively permeable membrane from a solution of 0.2 M fructose and 0.7 M sucrose. The membrane is not permeable to the sugar molecules. Which of the following statements is correct? Side A is hypotonic relative to side B. The net movement of water will be from side B to side A. The net movement of water will be from side A to side B. Side B is hypertonic relative to side A. There will be no net movement of water. Answer: B Source: Taylor - Student Study Guide for Biology, Sixth Edition, Interactive Question #8.5
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2. You observe plant cells under a microscope that have just been placed in an unknown solution. First the cells plasmolyze; after a few minutes, the plasmolysis reverses and the cells appear normal. What would you conclude about the unknown solute? It is hypertonic to the plant cells, and its solute can not cross the pant cell membranes. It is hypotonic to the plant cells, and its solute can not cross the pant cell membranes. It is isotonic to the plant cells, but its solute can cross the plant cell membranes. It is hypertonic to the plant cells, but its solute can cross the plant cell membranes. It is hypotonic to the plant cells, but its solute can cross the plant cell membranes. Answer: d Source: Taylor - Student Study Guide for Biology, Sixth Edition, Test Your Knowledge Question #25
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