1. Critical metals for renewable energy technologies
May 26, 2018
Critical metals for renewable energy technologies
Raw Materials Conference
23 June 2017
Ton Veltkamp

2. Some key reviews

3. Materials critical to the energy industry Courtesy: University of Ausburg

4. EU-SET plan of low-carbon energy technologies 2030
May 26, 2018
EU-SET plan of low-carbon energy technologies 2030
Risk analysis for nuclear, solar, wind, biofuels, CCS and wind
Joint Research Centre, 2011

5. May 26, 2018
Metal requirements for low-carbon energy technologies (European SET-plan for 2030; in % of the world supply in 2010)
PV : 80% crystalline Si, 5% CdTe, 5% CIGS, 10% a-Si
Wind : 400 GWp in 2030; 20% permanent magnets
Nuclear : 297 GW in 2030
Metal requirements for nuclear, solar, wind, biofuels, CCS and wind (aannames kennen, vooral silver verminderde, want USGS stelt iets heel anders??)

6. Scholz & Wellmer, USGS, 2013 May 26, 2018
Zijn trends in “depletion” al waarneembaar? Niet perse, wel voor koper en staal (zie volgende sheet, nl het gemiddelde Fe-gehalte van de ertsen neemt af)
Scholz & Wellmer, USGS, 2013

7. R-Solutions Re-think Reduce Replace Recycle Re-design Re-distribute
May 26, 2018
R-Solutions
Re-think
Reduce
Replace
Recycle
Re-design
Supply and demand management (or Resnick scheme?) in bollen opbouwen, visueel
Re-distribute
Resources

8. May 26, 2018
Reduce
Jevons’ paradox “..is the proposition that technological progress that increases the efficiency with which a resource is used tends to increase (rather than decrease) the rate of consumption of that resource.” (Steam engine James Watt)
(the so-called backfire or rebound effect, first observed by Jevons after James Watt’s invention of a much more efficient steam engine) see also Turner page 36 LtG

9. Recycle
UNEP, End-of-Life
Recycling Rates of Metals
(2011)

10. PV modules are too complex for economic recycling?
Recycle
PV modules are too complex for economic recycling?
Anctil & Fthenakis 2013

11. First Solar Collection & recycling program of thin-film CadmiumTelluride PV modules
Unconditional, prefunded collection & recycling program of 25+ years end-of-life PV modules Information label on individual PV modules how to return for recycling 90 % of CdTe semiconductor material is re-used in new PV modules 90% of glass is re-used in glass products

12. PV Cycle association (EU/USA)
Objective: Promote sustainable life cycle management in PV industry
Collection PV systems organized on national levels
National waste obligations
WEEE compliance (electronic waste)

13. Thoughts about renewable energy technologies
Design-for-recycling is urgently needed
at present, the focus is more on design-for-lower costs / higher performances
often, recycling of metals is not yet affordable (economically)
Renewable energy will grow with orders of magnitute in coming decades
hence, recycling is not the final solution to raw materials scarcity
recycling however will provide extra time to develop new technologies
recycling will stimulate public acceptance of very large scale renewable energy
Design-for-sustainable large scale manufacturing of renewables is needed
get away from “critical” elements as much as possible (bonus: low costs)
consider materials input from recycled large-volume (electronic?) waste streams

14. crystalline silicon photovoltaics
Reduce
Replace