1. IT ARCHITECTURES CHAPTER 5 McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. Chapter Five Overview SECTION 5.1 - HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE BASICS
Hardware Basics
Computer Categories
Software Basics
SECTION 5.2 – MANAGING ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES
Enterprise Architectures
Information Architecture
Infrastructure Architecture
Application Architecture

3. 5-3
SECTION 5.1
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

4. LEARNING OUTCOMES
Describe the six major categories of hardware and provide an example of each
Identify the different computer categories and explain their potential business uses
Explain the difference between primary and secondary storage

5. LEARNING OUTCOMES
List the common input, output, storage, and communication devices
Describe the eight categories of computers by size
Define the relationship between operating system software and utility software

6. INTRODUCTION
Information technology (IT) - any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization
Hardware - consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system
Software - the set of instructions that the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks

7. HARDWARE BASICS
Computer - an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept, manipulate, and store data
Hardware components include:
Central processing unit (CPU)
Primary storage
Secondary storage
Input device
Output device
Communication device

8. HARDWARE BASICS

9. Central Processing Unit
Central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor) - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together
Control unit - interprets software instructions and literally tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software instructions
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) - performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers)

10. Central Processing Unit
The number of CPU cycles per second determines the speed of a CPU
Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per second
Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per second

11. Central Processing Unit
CPU speed factors
Clock speed
Word length
Bus width
Chip line width
Binary digit (bit) - the smallest unit of information that a computer can process
Byte - a group of eight bits representing one natural language character

12. Advances in CPU Design
Complex instruction set computer (CISC) chip - type of CPU that can recognize as many as 100 or more instructions, enough to carry out most computations directly
Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) chip - limit the number of instructions the CPU can execute to increase processing speed
Virtualization - a protected memory space created by the CPU allowing the computer to create virtual machines

13. Primary Storage
Primary storage - the computer’s main memory, which consists of the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and the read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU

14. Random Access Memory (RAM)
Random access memory (RAM) - the computer’s primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processor’s high-speed external data bus
Volatility
Cache memory

15. Random Access Memory (RAM)

16. Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Read-only memory (ROM) - the portion of a computer’s primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power
Flash memory
Memory card
Memory stick

17. Secondary Storage
Secondary storage - consists of equipment designed to store large volumes of data for long-term storage
Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) - roughly 1 million bytes
Gigabyte (GB) - roughly 1 billion bytes
Terabyte (TB) - roughly 1 trillion bytes

18. Secondary Storage

19. Magnetic Medium
Magnetic medium - a secondary storage medium that uses magnetic techniques to store and retrieve data on disks or tapes coated with magnetically sensitive materials
Magnetic tape - an older secondary storage medium that uses a strip of thin plastic coated with a magnetically sensitive recording medium
Hard drive - a secondary storage medium that uses several rigid disks coated with a magnetically sensitive material and housed together with the recording heads in a hermetically sealed mechanism

20. Optical Medium Optical medium types include:
Compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM)
Compact disk-read-write (CD-RW) drive
Digital video disk (DVD)
DVD-ROM drive
Digital video disk-read/write (DVD-RW)

21. Input Devices
Input device - equipment used to capture information and commands
Manual input devices
Joystick
Keyboard
Microphone
Automated input devices
Bar code scanner
Digital camera
Magnetic ink character reader

22. Output Devices
Output device - equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information processing requests
Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
Laser printer
Ink-jet printer
Plotter

23. Communication Devices
Communication device - equipment used to send information and receive it from one location to another
Dial-up access
Cable
Digital subscriber line
Wireless
Satellite

24. COMPUTER CATEGORIES
For the past 20 years, federally funded supercomputing research has given birth to some of the computer industry’s most significant technology breakthroughs including:
Clustering
Parallel processing
Mosaic browser

25. COMPUTER CATEGORIES Computer categories include:
Personal digital assistant (PDA)
Laptop
Tablet
Desktop
Workstation
Minicomputer
Mainframe computer
Supercomputer

26. SOFTWARE BASICS
System software - controls how the various technology tools work together along with the application software
Operating system software
Utility software
Application software

27. Utility Software Types of utility software Crash-proof Disk image
Disk optimization
Encrypt data
File and data recovery
Text protect
Preventative security
Spyware
Uninstaller

28. Application Software Types of application software Bowser
Communication
Data management
Desktop publishing
Groupware
Presentation graphics
Programming
Spreadsheet
Word processing

29. OPENING CASE QUESTIONS Electronic Breaking Points
Identify six hardware categories and place each product listed in the case in its appropriate category
Describe the CPU and identify which products would use a CPU
Describe the relationship between memory sticks and laptops. How can a user employ one to help protect information loss from the other?
What different types of software might each of the products listed in the case use?

30. Enterprise Architecture
5-30
SECTION 5.2
Enterprise Architecture

31. LEARNING OUTCOMES
Explain the three components of an enterprise architecture
Describe how an organization can implement a solid information architecture
List and describe the five ilities of an infrastructure architecture
Compare Web services and open systems

32. ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES
Enterprise architecture - includes the plans for how an organization will build, deploy, use, and share its data, processes, and IT assets
Enterprise architect (EA) - a person grounded in technology, fluent in business, a patient diplomat, and provides the important bridge between IT and the business

33. ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES
Primary goals of enterprise architectures

34. ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURES

35. INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE

36. Backup and Recovery Backup - an exact copy of a system’s information
Recovery - the ability to get a system up and running in the event of a system crash or failure and includes restoring the information backup
Fault tolerance
Failover

37. Disaster Recovery Disaster recovery best practices include:
Mind the enterprise architectures
Monitor the quality of computer networks that provide data on power suppliers and demand
Make sure the networks can be restored quickly in the case of downtime
Set up disaster recovery plans
Provide adequate staff training, including verbal communication protocols “so that operators are aware of any IT-related problems

38. Disaster Recovery
Financial Institutions Worldwide Spending on Disaster Recovery

39. Disaster Recovery
Disaster recovery plan - a detailed process for recovering information or an IT system in the event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire or flood
Disaster recovery cost curve - charts (1) the cost to the organization of the unavailability of information and technology and (2) the cost to the organization of recovering from a disaster over time
Hot site
Cold site

40. Disaster Recovery Cost Curve

41. Information Security A good information architecture includes:
A strong information security plan
Managing user access
Up-to-date antivirus software and patches

42. INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE

43. INFRASTRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE
Five primary characteristics of a solid infrastructure architecture:
Flexibility
Scalability
Reliability
Availability
Performance

44. APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE
Application architecture - determines how applications integrate and relate to each other

45. Web Services
Web service - contains a repertoire of Web-based data and procedural resources that use shared protocols and standards permitting different applications to share data and services
Interoperability - the capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources, even though they are made by different manufacturers

46. Web Services
Event - detect threats and opportunities and alert those who can act on the information
Service - more like software products than they are coding projects, and must appeal to a broad audience, and they need to be reusable if they are going to have an impact on productivity

47. Open Systems
Open system - a broad, general term that describes nonproprietary IT hardware and software made available by the standards and procedures by which their products work, making it easier to integrate them
Allow systems to seamlessly share information
Capitalize on enterprise architectures
Eliminate proprietary systems and promote competitive pricing

48. OPENING CASE QUESTIONS Electronic Breaking Points
How can an organization use an information architecture to protect its IT investment in electronic devices outlined in the case?
How can an organization use the devices mentioned in the case to protect information security?
Identify the five ilites and rank them in order of importance for a laptop (1 highest, 5 lowest)
Describe how a “Customer Phone Number” Web service could be used by one of the products outlined in the case

49. CLOSING CASE ONE Chicago Tribune
Review the five characteristics of infrastructure architecture and rank them in order of their potential impact on the Tribune Co.’s business
What is the disaster recovery cost curve? Where should the Tribune Co. operate on the curve?
Define backups and recovery. What are the risks to the Tribune’s business if it fails to implement an adequate backup plan?

50. CLOSING CASE ONE Chicago Tribune
Why is a scalable and highly available enterprise architecture critical to the Tribune Co.’s current operations and future growth?
Identify the need for information security at the Tribune Co.
How could the Tribune Co. use a classified ad Web service across its different businesses?

51. CLOSING CASE TWO UPS in the Computer Repair Business
Do you think UPS’s entrance into the laptop repair business was a good business decision? Why or why not?
Identify the different types of hardware UPS technicians might be working on when fixing laptops
Assume you are a technician working at UPS. Explain to a customer the different types of memory and why only certain types of data are lost during a computer failure. Also identify a potential backup strategy you can suggest to the customer
Assume you are a technician working at UPS. Explain to a customer the different types of software found in a typical laptop

52. CLOSING CASE THREE Fear the Penguin
How does Linux differ from traditional software?
Should Microsoft consider Linux a threat? Why or why not?
How is open source software a potential trend shaping organizations?

53. CLOSING CASE THREE Fear the Penguin
How can you use Linux as an emerging technology to gain a competitive advantage?
Research the Internet and discover potential ways that Linux might revolutionize business in the future