1. Reproductive System
Chapter 21
Pages 432 – 467

2. Functions of the Reproductive System
Page 434
Functions of the Reproductive System
Has the necessary organs capable of accomplishing reproduction (creation of new life)
Manufacture hormones necessary for the development of the reproductive organs & secondary sex characteristics:
Females – estrogen & progesterone
Males – testosterone

3. Pages 434 – 436
Fertilization
Coitus = sexual intercourse (sperm from the tests is deposited into the female vagina)
Sperm production – Approximately 100 million sperm per mL (> 20 million per mL = sterile)
Corona radiata = layer of cells surround the ovum
Fertilization = once the egg & sperm combine
Zygote = fertilized egg cell
DNA – found in the chromosomes; contains the genetic code that is replicated & passed on to each cell as the zygote divides.

4. Reproductive System Pages 436 – 439
Phases of fetal development (Next slide)
Differentiation of reproductive organs – only organs that are different between males & females (check out Figure 21-7)
Organs of reproduction – provide continuity of the species

5. Page 438

6. Female Reproductive System
Pages 439 – 443
Female Reproductive System
Ovaries – primary sex organ
Fallopian tubes – about 10 cm long, are not attached to the ovaries
Uterus – a hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, & highly muscular organ.
Vagina – short canal that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the vulva.
Vulva – external female genitalia
Breasts – made up of fat, connective tissue, & mammary glands.

7. Page 442
Figure 21-9

8. Menstrual Cycle Page 444 Follicle stage Ovulation stage
Corpus luteum stage or luteal phase
Menstruation stage

10. Menopause Page 446 When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end
Commonly occurs between 45 & 55 years of age
End of childbearing, normal sex drive usually remains
Anatomical changes
Atrophy of the internal reproductive structures: uterus, fallopian tubes, & ovaries
Atrophy of the external genitalia
Vagina becomes conical shaped
Atrophy of the vaginal mucous membranes
Reproduction of the secretory activity of the glands associated with the reproductive organs

11. Male Reproductive System
Pages 446 – 450
Male Reproductive System
Testes & epididymis
Descent of the testes – during the last 3 months of development
Scrotum
Ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, & ejaculatory ducts
Penis
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
Semen

12. Page 447
Figure 21-14

13. Page 447
Figure 21-14

14. Erection & Ejaculation
Page 450
Erection & Ejaculation
Arousal stimulates nerve impulses causing erectile tissue to become engorged with blood
Blood entering the dilated arteries squeezes the veins against the penile tissue
With maximum stimulation of the seminal vesicles to the ejaculatory center, orgasm occurs
Impotence (erectile dysfunction) = the inability to have or sustain an erection during intercourse.
Incidents increase with age.
Primary Impotence = male who has never had an erection
Secondary impotence = male who has had an erection in the past but currently is impotent.

15. Contraception Pages 450 – 451 Reasons for avoiding pregnancy
Avoiding heath risks to the woman
Spacing pregnancies
Avoiding having babies with birth defects
Delaying pregnancy early in marriage
Limiting family size
Avoiding pregnancy among unmarried couples
Curbing population growth
Religious & ethnic group concerns oppose birth control & this text does not ignore that issue.

16. Contraception (Cont’d)
Pages 452 – 453
Contraception (Cont’d)
Methods of contraception
Abstinence 100%
Hormonal methods 99% – 95%
IUD 99% – 93%
Diaphragm 99% – 90%
Condom 97% – 85%
Spermicides 75% – 70%
Withdrawal 80% – 70%
Rhythm 85% – 65%
Emergency contraception pills
Table 21-5

17. Pages 451 – 453
Infertility
When conception doesn’t occur after trying for 1 year
Causes of infertility = blockage – female: fallopian tubes or male: epididymis/ductus deferens; a low sperm count; hormonal imbalance; swollen veins in the scrotum; or unknown.
Treatment include: Fertility drugs, hormone replacement, artificial insemination, & surgery.
If the proceding methods are not successful, the couple may try the following: In vitro fertilization (IVF), Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), Zygote intrafallopian transfer, Donor eggs & embryos

18. Effects of Aging in Females
Page 454 SB
Effects of Aging in Females
Menopause
Decrease in estrogen & progesterone production
Narrowing of vaginal opening, loss of tissue elasticity, & a decrease in vaginal secretions
Atrophic changes

19. Effects of Aging in Males
Page 454 SB
Effects of Aging in Males
Sexual response is slower
Obtaining & maintaining an erection becomes more difficult
Prostate gland size increases, testes decrease in size, & sperm level decreases
Testosterone level decreases
Viscosity of seminal fluid diminishes

20. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Pages 453 – 454
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Amenorrhea = absence of the menstrual cycle
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) = a group of symptoms that are exhibited just prior to the beginning of the menstrual cycle.
Dysmenorrhea = painful menstruation
Menorrhagia = excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding (most common problem)
Endometriosis = disease that affects women during the reproductive years. Endometrial tissue is found outside of the uterus.

21. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (Cont’d)
Pages 454 – 455
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (Cont’d)
Fibroid tumors = benign growths that occur in the uterine wall.
Breast tumors/cancer = benign or malignant tumors (most common in women)
Endometrial cancers = uterine cancer (most common)
Ovarian cancer = 5th in cancer deaths among women
Cervical cancer = frequently hits 30 – 50 year olds

22. Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (Cont’d)
Pages 455 – 456
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (Cont’d)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) = may be due to infections that occur in the reproductive organs & spread to the fallopian tubes & peritoneal cavity.
Salpingitis = inflammation of the fallopian tubes
Toxic shock syndrome = rare bacterial infection
Vaginal yeast infections = caused by over growth of Candidia albicans. Symptoms: itching, burning, redness, & maybe an odorless, thick, white discharge.

23. Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Page 456
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Epididymitis = a painful swelling in the groin & scrotum due to infection of the epididymis.
Orchitis = inflammation of the testes. Symptoms: swelling of the scrotum, fever, & pain.
Prostatitis = infection of the prostate gland.
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) = indicates an enlarged prostate. 50% of men in their 60s & as many as 90% of men in their 70s have some symptoms of BPH.
Prostate cancer = most common cancer in men over 50

24. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Pages 458 – 459
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Transmitted through the exchange of body fluids such as semen, vaginal fluid, & blood.
Many people are asymptomatic
Prevention – abstinence or practice safe sex
Chlamydia (men: 25% & women: 80%) = urethritis, bacterial vaginitis, & PID. Treatment: antibiotics
Genital warts [human papillomavirus (HPV)] = small, hard, round spots resembling a cauliflower. Treatment: acid or cryosurgery to remove the wart.
Also known as venereal disease (VD)

25. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Pages 459 – 460
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Gonorrhea = painful urination, discharge of pus from the penis. Treatment: antibiotics
Genital herpes = causes painful lesions that continue to reappear.
Syphilis = chancre appears at point of infection, but then disappears on its own. Without treatment infection spreads to the nervous system. Treatment: Penicillin
Trichomoniasis vaginalis = caused by a protozoan. Inflammation, burning, itching, & discomfort. Treatment: antibiotics
Also known as venereal disease (VD)

26. Human Growth & Development
Pages 460 – 461
Human Growth & Development
Infancy = birth to 1 year
Toddler = 1 to 3 years
Preschool = 3 to 5 years
School age = 6 to 12 years
Adolescence = 12 to 20 years
Early adulthood = 20 to 40 years
Middle adulthood = 40 to 65 years
Older adulthood = 65+