1. The Russian Revolution and the End of World War I

2. Fall of the Czar War - huge burden on Russia
Czar Nicholas II (Romanov)
Alexandra – influenced by Rasputin
Riots, demonstrations
Rasputin assassinated
1917 – Nicholas II abdicates his throne (steps down)
Ends 300 year Romanov dynasty

3. The Provisional Government
Provisional government created – Alexander Kerensky
Continues war
Soviets – councils of workers and soldiers
Duma – legislature
Biggest mistake – kept Russia in the war

4. Lenin Lenin leads Bolsheviks (Communists)
Enemy of tsarist Russia, exiled (why?)
Germans helped him return in 1917 to lead Bolsheviks
Promised to take Russia out of the war

5. The Bolshevik Revolution
Bolsheviks overthrow government, 1917
Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; Russia withdraws from war; loses lots of territory
Set-up Communist nation
No private property
Goal - spread communism
International movement
Command economy

6. Civil War Reds – Communists (Lenin and Trotsky)
Whites – wanted to get rid of Communists (supported by allied powers)
Three years of fighting destroys nation
Red army led by Trotsky well organized, disciplined
White army disorganized, mixture of various groups (including US)

7. Civil War
The Terror
Lenin uses “war communism”
1918 – killed czar and his family
Cheka arrested anyone accused of being an “enemy of the revolution”
Restricted religion
By 1921, Lenin had entire country under Communist control
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)

8. Ending of World War I
– Russia withdrew at the same time as the U.S. enters
Provided supplies and men
Convoy system in Atlantic
Changes tide of war
Armistice signed November 11, 1918
Austria-Hungary broken into independent republics

9. Peace Settlement Woodrow Wilson’s peace plan: Fourteen Points
14th point – League of Nations
No alliances, reduction of armaments, self-determination of nations
Saw new world order based on democracy and international cooperation
Very different mood at the peace table…..

10. Versailles 1919 (France) “Big Four”
Lloyd George (GB)
Clemenceau (France)
Wilson (US)
Orlando (Italy)
France wanted revenge; crush Germany, remove threat forever, payments

11. The Treaty Harsh treatment of Germany
“War Guilt” clause – had to accept blame for war
Reparations ($ compensation) for the war ($56 billion)
Reduce army to 100,000, reduce navy, no air force
Demilitarized or “buffer” zone created

12. The Treaty League of Nations created – peacekeeping organization
New nations out of old empires (Germany, Austria, etc.)
Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia
U.S. fails to join League – weakens it
U.S. and G.B. withdraw from Europe leaving France to stand alone; tensions, revenge
WWII is only 20 years away!

13. Country Men Mobilized Dead Injured Missing/Prisoners % Allied Powers
Russian Empire
12,000,000
1,700,000
4,950,000
2,500,000 76
France
8,410,000
1,357,800
4,266,000
537,000 73
British Empire
8,904,500
908,400
2,090,200
191,700 36
Italy
5,615,000
650,000
947,000
600,000 39
United States
4,355,000
126,000
234,300
4,500 8
Romania
750,000
335,700
120,000
80,000 71
Serbia
707,300
45,000
133,100
153,000 47
Belgium
267,000
13,700
44,700
34,700 35
Greece
230,000
5,000
21,000
1,000 12
Portugal
100,000
7,000
13,800
12,300 33
Montenegro
50,000
3,000
10,000 40
Central Powers
Germany
11,000,000
1,773,700
4,216,100
1,152,800 65
Austria-Hungary
7,800,000
1,200,000
3,620,000
2,200,000 90
Ottoman Empire
2,850,000
325,000
400,000
250,000 34
Bulgaria
87,500
152,400
27,000 22

15. Effects of the War Post war flu pandemic kills millions (Spanish flu)
Economic opportunities for women and African Americans
Inflation and economic problems for Europe
Depression, riots, inflation, unemployment, new parties/leaders vying for power
Perfect setting for dictatorships to flourish

16. Effects of WWI cont. German, Russian monarchies toppled
Ottoman & Austria-Hungarian empires gone
GB and France emerge victorious but politically & economically weakened
U.S. emerges strong & prosperous
US – “Roaring 20’s”
Europe - Disaster