1. NPSTC Technical Support SRC - State of New York - SWN
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council
RPC Training Session: Topic II Tile Based Coordination of 700 MHZ Public Safety Spectrum (with TSB-88 Concepts) Islip, New York, November 14, 2006
Sean O’Hara
NPSTC Technical Support
Regions 8, 19, 28, 30 and 55
SRC - State of New York - SWN
(office)

2. Introduction Purpose Relevancy Audience Collaboration
Introduce RPCs to techniques and requirements for handling detailed coordination and coexistence of diverse 700 MHz technologies
This whole process has gotten quite complicated
This will only provide an overview
Relevancy
700 MHz spectrum will be deployed for more flexible use, and with a greater variety of bandwidth configurations
We have an immediate need to manage these issues
Audience
Technical
System Operators, RPC Technical Committee Members, Frequency Coordinators, Spectrum and System Planners, etc
Collaboration
These concepts were developed in collaboration with many Regions
These concepts were developed by folks very active within TR (TSB-88)

3. Overview and Schedule Topic Time Introduction and Overview
05 minutes (end ~ 11:05)
Need for Accurate Coordination at 700 MHz
10 minutes (end ~ 11:15)
Using Communications “Reliability” as a Metric
20 minutes (end ~ 11:35)
Technology and Adjacent Channel Effects
15 minutes (end ~ 11:50)
Tile-Based Coordination Approach
(Region 8, 30, 55)
15 minutes (end ~ 12:05)
Examples
15 minutes (end ~ 12:20)
Questions and Answers and Feedback
10 minutes (end ~ 12:30)

4. Need for Accurate Coordination at 700 MHz
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council
Need for Accurate Coordination at 700 MHz

5. 700 MHz Coordination
It is up to us (the RPCs) to manage the 700 MHz spectrum effectively
If we do not…
Interference will result
Regional capacity will drop
Deployment flexibility will go out the window
The 700 MHz Pool was generated to maximize spectrum availability
It assumes responsible deployment of this precious spectrum resource
Its interference constraints must be followed
The FCC gives us basic Rules – We can impose whatever else we need in order to manage the spectrum
It has been given to us to manage

6. 700 MHz Pool Allotments
For nearly all of the US, all near term applications must be consistent with the CAPRAD pool allotments
Each application must be consistent with the pool until the Region(s) decides otherwise
Inter-regional coordination may be based upon these pool allotments for quite a while
But these are not a replacement for either communications or proper coordination

7. What Are the “Allotments”?
Each County allotment:
Is a contiguous 25-kHz Block, providing
(4) 6.25 kHz channels, or
(2) 12.5 kHz channels, or
(1) 25-kHz channel
Maintains at least 250 kHz separation with all other allotments within each county
Each County (except PR/VI) received a minimum of five of these 25-kHz blocks
The remainder were allotted according to the capacity model, and reuse constraints
Maximum reuse for responsible utilization
County size, terrain and US borders do affect availability

8. Allotment Pool Size (25-kHz Blocks)
Region 8 Area
700 MHz Channel Allotment Pool
Allotment Pool Size (25-kHz Blocks) 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5

9. Region 8 Area
700 MHz Channel Allotment Pool

10. Example of Reuse - NE United States,
Channel Block 142 (On-Channel Allotments)
The allotments were packed according to Rules that included:
Service and Interference Contours that utilized terrain, political boundaries, and geographic separation constraints
Modeled Capacity Needs

11. The Pool Assignments are PACKED
Example: Block 52
NYC (NY), New Haven (CT), Burlington (NJ), Berks (PA)
Co-Channel Blocks

12. Using Communications “Reliability” as a Metric
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council
Using Communications “Reliability” as a Metric

13. Coverage is a Complicated Concept
Coverage is a random process
Each location within the state is defined by a coverage “reliability”, which is a probability of achieving a particular level of performance at that location
Coverage is actually interference limited
Coverage reliability is dependent upon the reuse of spectrum resources
Coverage is multi-dimensional
Depends upon the entire collection of received signal, both desired and undesired
Relationships are very complex
Coverage changes as the system evolves
Adding/changing sites, frequencies, etc
Internal and external to any given system

14. How Can You Look at Coverage?
Traditionally, we used contours
These gave us no details regarding coverage or interference
Then we used propagation models and tile studies
But in most cases, these were still treated them as contours
You really need to look at Reliability
Noise Limited Reliability
Interference Limited Reliability
Reliability Degradation from Noise Limited to Interference Limited
How?
What makes up “Reliability”
What makes up an interfering condition

15. Contours and Tile Studies
Closed polygons representing service areas and/or interference regions
Various types are used
Regulatory and regional planning
System design (tile based)
Tile Studies
Most accurate way to manage the spectrum
Used for
Siting/System design,
Coverage/Interference prediction, reliability estimation,
Spectrum reuse planning
Various models are available
Many commercial packages
But few standardized algorithms
Complex and time consuming when large systems are involved.

16. Tile/Propagation Analysis
GOAL: ESTIMATE COMMUNICATIONS RELIABILITY
Performance in the presence of fading, noise and interference
Voice quality, data rate, etc
Fading usually wrapped into Channel Performance Criterion (CPCf)
Reliability is mainly dependent on:
CPCf (a technology and QoS-dependent faded S/(I+N) metric)
Overall receiver system noise floor
Received desired power and interference power
Local variance of each of the desired signal and interference sources
Reliability is a direct function of margin over CPC
Margin = S/(I+N)attained - S/(I+N)required

17. Tile by-Tile Evaluation
Reliability Margin:
Tile by-Tile Evaluation
Level (dBm)
-95
Desired
Note:
Antenna adjustments (i.e. portable and sometimes building loss) lower both the desired and undesired signal, leaving S/I unchanged
Interference can be be co-channel, and/or near or far adjacent. If adjacent then ACCPR must be computed
The DESIRED and the INTERFERING signals are either modeled or measured
Antenna Loss
-115
-105
Faded CPC Criterion
-120
N+I Margin
Noise Margin
I+N
Interference
Or Site Noise
-125
Receiver Floor, N
Receiver NF
-135
kTB (ENBW)

18. What is an Interference Condition?
TSB-88 defines a reduction in reliability
How much of a reduction is unacceptable?
1%? 2%? %?
What is the protected “Service Area” (PSA) of an incumbent or applicant?
40 dBu Contour
Jurisdictional Area
Set of tiles with some defined reliability (e.g. > 65%)
everywhere, or only within PSA?
Other?
What interferers should be considered when evaluation reliability degradation?
All (cumulative interference)?
Most accurate, and most time consuming
Only the current application?
Fastest and least accurate, is we are doing at 800 MHz
Very complex

19. Reliability Degradation
Q: What the heck is “Reliability Degradation”?
A: It is a a reality-based measure of actual interference effects
It is based upon TSB-88 concepts
Communications reliability
Tile based interference assessment
Equivalent interferer combination
Technology to technology ACCPR effects
Protection afforded only where service area exists, not over an entire IMAGINARY contour
Design to S/(I+N), not simple contour intersections
Maximizes reuse, while offering accurate interference assessments

20. Multiple Site C/N
No Interference
(Noise-Only)

21. Multiple Site C/(N+I)
Note the
Loss in
Reliability
and
Coverage
Interference

22. Aggregate Coverage Example
As previously stated, coverage is a complex concept.
Lets look at small set of
“coverage” tiles to see how this all comes together.
Lets take one tile as an example…

23. Example: Talk Out Coverage
Each tile is served by multiple sites on multiple frequencies – each with a different reliability for mobile and portable operations.
F4’ F4 F1
F3’
F1’
The overall tile reliability depends upon all of the individual reliabilities
As determined through Monte Carlo analyses (via TSB-88 methods)
F1’ F3 F2
F2’
Desired Signals
Undesired Signals

24. Coverage Discretization
This output grid gives a continuous gradient of system coverage reliability
Notice that the coverage is NOT “Black and White”

25. Coverage Discretization
This “black and white” point is important when we look at a tiled reliability output against a critical resource location

26. Coverage Discretization
A discrete “black and white” analysis could show how many tiles intersecting the critical area have less than some set degree of coverage
E.g.
29 total area units in critical location
4 tiles at less than 95% reliability
86% of the critical location at sufficient coverage levels

27. Coverage Discretization
A continuous analysis could show the overall reliability of tiles of the coverage of the critical location
E.g.
29 total area units in critical location
Average tile reliability of 93%

28. Talk Out Interference Analyses
For talk-out analyses coverage and interference are evaluated at all grid points
: Co/Adj Channel Sites
+/X : Mobiles Talking Back
Demo_Movie_TI.avi

29. Talk Back Interference Analyses
For talk-back analyses coverage and interference are evaluated at all combinations of grid points.
: Co/Adj Channel Sites
+/X : Mobiles Talking Back
Demo_Movie.avi

30. Talk Back Interference Effects
In some cases, talk back cannot be ignored

31. Technology and Adjacent Channel Effects
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council
Technology and Adjacent Channel Effects

32. Size and Technology Matters
We have a lot more technology options at 700 MHz than we have been used to in the past
Bandwidth configurations that can support many combinations of TDMA and FDMA
Each specific technology has a specific CPCf and IF filter model associated with it
There are also the same types of system design choices that we had at 800 MHz
High sites and/or low sites
Portable and/or mobile designs
Simulcast and multicast designs
These all have an impact on coordination

33. Technology and Design Considerations
Example 1
~1200 mi2
18-25 kHz Channel Pool
High Site Design
5 Sites
8 mi
Multicast:
7-12.5’s / site
’s / site
(TDMA or FDMA)
No Reuse
5 mi
Single Zone Simulcast, 18-25’s / site
Two Zone Simulcast, ’s / site

34. Technology and Design Considerations
Example 2
18-25 Channel Pool
Low Site Design
22 Sites, 7 Cell Cluster
~18 dB C/I
~1200 mi2
3 System Simulcast:
per Site
Multicast:
per site
per site
(TDMA or FDMA)
3.1X Reuse
3.7 mi

35. 6.25 kHz FDMA Multicast
14-15 Voice Paths/Site
72 Total

36. 12.5 kHz TDMA/FDMA Multicast
FDMA: 7-8 Voice Paths/Site
36 Total
TDMA: Voice Paths/Site
72 Total

37. 6.25 kHz FDMA Multicast Cellular
10-11 Voice Paths/Site
72 Total

38. 12.5 kHz FDMA/TDMA Multicast Cellular
FDMA: 5-6 Voice Paths/Site
36 Total
TDMA: Voice Paths/Site
72 Total

39. Single-Zone 12.5 and 25 kHz Simulcast
FDMA: 18 Voice Paths
TDMA: Voice Paths

40. Multi-Zone Simulcast FDMA: 6 Voice Paths/Site FDMA: 9 Voice Paths/Site
18 Total
TDMA: Voice Paths/Site
36-72 Total
FDMA: 6 Voice Paths/Site
18 Total
TDMA:12-24 Voice Paths/Site
36-72 Total
FDMA: 18 Voice Paths/Site
36 Total
TDMA: 36 Voice Paths/Site
72 Total
FDMA: 12 Voice Paths/Site
36 Total
TDMA: 24 Voice Paths/Site
72 Total

41. Technology Considerations
-Power Spectrum: Adjacent Channel Coupled Power
-50
ACCPR = dB
-100
Power Gain and Normalized Interference PSD, Resolution BW: kHz
-150
-200
-250
Interferer PSD, C4FM
Victim IF Filter, Root Raised Cosine
Intercepted Power
Integrated Power
Original Offset: 12.5 kHz
Offset w/Frequency Drift: kHz
-300
-60
-40
-20 20 40 60
Frequency

42. Adjacent Channel Coupled Power
(12.5 kHz example P25 Phase I Transmitter) - 50 40 30 20 10
150
125
100 75 25
Frequency
Power Gain and Normalized Interference PSD, Resolution BW: 0.031
3 kHz
ACCPR =
71 dB
Interferer PSD, C4FM
Victim IF Filter, Root Raised Cosine
Intercepted Power
Integrated Power
21 dB
39 dB
Victim IF Filter, Butterworth
P25 to “Wide”
~20 dB
P25 to P25
>65 dB
P25 to FM
~40 dB

43. Transmitter Characteristics of Other Technologies
iDen
SAM
EDACS WIDEBAND
TETRA
CQPSK
Analog (2.5 kHz)

44. Adjacent Channel Coordination at 700 MHz
40 dBu
Service
Nearly all 700 MHz Narrowband technologies provide better than 60 dB of adjacent channel protection
In context of the old contours methods this means that to 40 dBu service and 65 dBu interference contours cannot overlap
In the tile analyses, you will de-rate the interferer by the ACCPR, then treat as co-channel
65 dBu
Interference

45. Guidelines and Helpful Hints
Get the information you need from applicants
System type
Technology (CPC and IF Model)
See Region 8/30/55 plan for defaults
Service Area Boundary (usually political boundary)
Adjacent Channel Consideration
You really only need to do detailed ACCPR analyses when service areas overlap and channel offsets are less than 25-kHz
Otherwise just examine co-channel impacts
ACCPR Computations
Use tables or Excel Tool from TSB-88
Other options are available as well
Simulcast Systems
Victim: Treat simulcast systems as a single site.
Interferer: Treat as individual interferers

46. Tile-Based Coordination Approach (Region 8, 30, 55)
National Public Safety Telecommunications Council
Tile-Based Coordination Approach (Region 8, 30, 55)

47. General Region 8/30/55 Application Process

48. What Has Regions 8/30/55 Settled On? (Propagation/Reliability Modeling)
All analysis is tile based and will use the Longley-Rice model in median (50,50,50) mode
Need the accuracy so that interference can be carefully modeled
Need the accuracy so that frequency reuse is reasonable
50 dBµ levels must be 80% contained within the service area
Jurisdictional area plus 8-km
Similar to the old 40 dBµ contour rule
Necessary for responsible radiation control

49. What Has Region 8/30/55 Settled On? (Reliability Degradation)
The metric chosen for reliability reduction due to co and adjacent channel use is called Area Reliability Degradation or ARD
See next slide
The selected ARD thresholds are different for in-pool and out-of-pool applications
For in-pool, 2.5% ARD per applicant, up to 5% ARD total and cumulative
For out-of-pool, 0%
ARD is compared to noise limited
Means less “state-tracking” is required

50. What is ARD?
ARD is a reduction in area reliability caused by co and adjacent channel operations
First, an incumbents reliable noise-limited coverage area is determined using 3-second propagation analyses
Example, noise limited service area for an incumbent may be found to be 100-km2
This represents the total area within their service area that falls at 90% reliability levels as determined by TSB-88
Next, an applicants proposed operations are used to model the reliable interference-limited coverage area of the incumbent, again using 3-second propagation analyses
Example, interference limited service area for the incumbent may be found to be 98-km2
This gives an ARD of 100*(1-98/100) or 2%

51. Plan Sections
NOTE: These may differ slightly from the final version

52. NOTE: These may differ slightly from the final version

53. Plan Sections: More on 9.4 (ARD)
NOTE: These may differ slightly from the final version

54. What Does a Region 8/30/55 Application Contain?
In order to do this complex processing, there is more information required from an applicant than there was at 800 MHz
We have dedicated application forms that must be filled out completely
Detailed horizontal and vertical antenna pattern sheets
Detailed Jurisdictional Area Boundary file, with buffer included
ARD analysis must be provided by applicant, and WILL BE VERIFIED by the Regions

55. National Public Safety Telecommunications Council
Examples

56. Examples – 50 dBu Coverage
Suffolk County WMNN880 (Longley-Rice)

57. Examples – 50 dBu Coverage
Essex County WNQS440, WNWC455 (Longley-Rice)

58. Examples – 50 dBu Coverage
Essex County WNQS440, WNWC455
w/Okumura Suburban Knife Edge

59. Examples – 50 dBu Coverage
Middlesex County WNNM897 (Longley-Rice)

60. Examples – 50 dBu Coverage
Middlesex County WNNM897
w/Okumura Suburban Knife Edge

61. Examples: Current Co-Channel Licenses
NJ Transit, WNSM959
Town of Wallingford, WPLZ699
Okumura-Hata-Davidson Contours

62. Examples: Current Co-Channel Licenses
NJ Transit, WNSM959
Town of Wallingford, WPLZ699
Okumura –Suburban
with Knife Edge

63. Examples: Current Co-Channel Licenses
NJ Transit, WNSM959
Town of Wallingford, WPLZ699
Computes to 0% Area Loss at 90% Reliability
Longley-Rice

64. Examples: Current Co-Channel Licenses
State of CT, WPGU375
Town of Babylon, WQBX812
Okumura-Hata-Davidson Contours

65. Examples: Current Co-Channel Licenses
State of CT, WPGU375
Town of Babylon, WQBX812
Okumura –Suburban
with Knife Edge

66. Examples: Current Co-Channel Licenses
State of CT, WPGU375
Town of Babylon, WQBX812
Computes to 0% Area Loss at 90% Reliability
Longley-Rice

67. Example: Possible Out-of-Pool Request on Pool Block 48
RED: Co-Channel Service
BLUE: Adj-Channel Service
Black: Co-Channel Interference

68. Example – Pool Assignments
Block 52
NYC (NY), New Haven (CT), Burlington (NJ), Berks (PA)
Co-Channel Blocks

69. Example – Pool Assignments
Block 52: NYC Applicant
NYC (NY), New Haven (CT), Burlington (NJ), Berks (PA)

70. Example – Pool Assignments
Block 52
NYC (NY) – INTERFERER
New Haven (CT): 5.67% Area Loss at 90% Reliability
Burlington (NJ): 8.12% Area Loss at 90% Reliability
Berks (PA): 0.00% Area Loss at 90% Reliability

71. National Public Safety Telecommunications Council
Q&A and Feedback

72. Q&A and Feedback This is a lot to pack into 90-minutes
I will be happy to go these concepts this again at area RPC meetings
Usually attend Region 8, 30, 55 meetings
Often attend Region 19 and 28 meetings as well
Any Questions?
Any Feedback?

73. Contact for Further Information
Sean O’Hara
Business Area Manager – Analysis, Communications, and Collection Systems
Syracuse Research Corporation
office, mobile