1. International Commercial Law – the CISG
Prof. Giorgio F. COLOMBO

2. Damages (II)
Lesson n. 13

3. Duty to mitigate damages
Art. 77 CISG
A party who relies on a breach of contract must take such measures as are reasonable in the circumstances to mitigate the loss, including loss of profit, resulting from the breach. If he fails to take such measures, the party in breach may claim a reduction in the damages in the amount by which the loss should have been mitigated

4. Duty to mitigate damages
The CISG does not forgive a passive attitude towards losses
The aggrieved party has the duty to mitigate damages
If it fails to do so, the measure of damages may be reduced proportionally

5. Examples
A Swedish Buyer purchases from a Spanish Seller 50 tons of oranges for the price of 600 EUR/ton
According to the contract, shipping must be taken care of by Seller
Upon arrival to the port, Seller finds out that the ship it had contracted for is not available
Seller asks for Buyer’s assistance, because it knows it normally uses that port and has contacts with storage facilities there

6. Examples
Buyer refuses to provide assistance. It says that a) securing a ship was Seller’s responsibility and b) the storage facilities available asked for a a storage price of 45 EUR/ton the Buyer had to pay upfront
As a result of the lack of proper storage, the oranges rot in the containers
Buyer brings legal action against Seller for the failure to delivery

7. Examples
A German Buyer purchases from a French Seller 50,000 swimsuits for the 2015 summer season
The product are to be manufactured according to the design provided by the Buyer
Under the contract, the swimsuits are to be produced in the period 1-30 april (2,000 pieces a day not including holidays) and delivered in consecutive shipments as they are ready

8. Examples
Upon receiving the first package (2,000 pieces) on April 6, Buyer finds out that the swimsuits are different from the design thy provided
The second shipment (April 7) has the same non-conformity
The third shipment (April 8) as well
Upon receiving the fourth shipment (April 9), Buyer notifies Seller that the design is wrong and the swimsuit are unacceptable

9. Examples Seller stops the production on the same day
Buyer brings legal action against Seller, based on the lack of conformity
Seller acknowledges its responsibility, but it refuses to reimburse the price for 6,000 swimsuits
Seller complains that, had the Buyer informed it on April 6, it would have stopped the production immediately

10. Exemptions
Art. 79
(1) A party is not liable for a failure to preform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impedimenti beyond his control and that he could not resonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences

11. «Force Majeure»
Compromise between the principles of strict liability (Common law) and liability-at-fault (Civil law)
Requirements:
Beyond control
Unpredictable
Special rules in case of third-parties
Timeframe
Notice

12. Examples
An American Seller and a Romanian Buyer enter into a contract to supply 15,000 kgs of chicken legs
Shipment is to be made between June 1 and June 15, 2006
On June 2, 2006, the Romanian Government bans all the import of chicken meat because of the avian flu outbreak
Only shipments certified before June 7, will be allowed

13. Examples
The Seller is unable to complete all the shipping operations before June 7, and therefore 7,500 kgs are not certified before the date
Buyer therefore proposes Seller to change the place of delivery to Bulgaria, and then Buyer would take care of the matters
Seller, however, refuses, as the change of destination would imply also the change of documents, etc.

14. Examples
A German Buyer purchases from a Swiss Seller 60 metric tons of Triethylen Tetramin (TETA)
The Seller informs the Buyer that they do not have stock, and they will procure the goods from a supplier in Italy
After the contract is entered into, but before delivery is due, the Italian Governement unexpectedly puts restrictions on the sales of TETA

15. Examples
The Seller therefore declares their intention to cancel the contract
The Buyer, however, urges the Seller to identify another supplier and proceed with the delivery

16. Force Majeure - Hardship
Hardship is usually defined as the financial inability to perform a contract
It does not necessarily mean that the performance is impossible, but it has become problematic or unprofitable because of a change in the circumstances
Would that be a ground for non-performance under Art. 79?

17. Examples
A Dutch Buyer purchases from a French Seller a number of contracts for the purchase of steel tubes
After the contracts have been concluded, the price of steel unexpectedly increases by 70%
In the contracts there is no price-adaptation clause

18. Examples
The Seller refuses to perform, as the performance would result in a huge financial loss
The Buyer brings legal action against the Seller to obtain the performance

19. Exemptions
Art. 80
A party may not rely on a failure of the other party to perform, to the extent that such failure was caused by the first party’s act or omission
E.g. Documents, down payments, etc.