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Head and Neck Muscles Facial muscles Frontalis—raises eyebrows
Orbicularis oculi—closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks Orbicularis oris—closes mouth and protrudes the lips Buccinator—flattens the cheek, chews Zygomaticus—raises corners of the mouth
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Head and Neck Muscles Chewing muscles
Masseter—closes the jaw and elevates mandible Temporalis—synergist of the masseter, closes jaw
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Head and Neck Muscles Neck muscles
Platysma—pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly Sternocleidomastoid—flexes the neck, rotates the head
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Cranial aponeurosis Frontalis Temporalis Orbicularis oculi Occipitalis
Zygomaticus Buccinator Masseter Orbicularis oris Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Platysma Figure 6.16
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Anterior muscles Pectoralis major—adducts and flexes the humerus Intercostal muscles External intercostals—raise rib cage during inhalation Internal intercostals—depress the rib cage to move air out of the lungs when you exhale forcibly
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Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Biceps brachii Brachialis
Brachio- radialis (a) Figure 6.17a
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Muscles of the abdominal girdle Rectus abdominis—flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal contents (defecation, childbirth, forced breathing) External oblique—flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally Internal oblique—flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally Transversus abdominis—compresses abdominal contents
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Transversus abdominis
Pectoralis major Rectus abdominis Transversus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique Aponeurosis (b) Figure 6.17b
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Posterior muscles Trapezius—elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula Latissimus dorsi—extends and adducts the humerus Erector spinae—back extension Quadratus lumborum—flexes the spine laterally Deltoid—arm abduction
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Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
Muscles that arise from the shoulder girdle and cross the shoulder joint to insert into the humerus include: Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi Deltoid
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Occipital bone Sternocleidomastoid Spine of scapula Trapezius
Deltoid (cut) Deltoid Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi Humerus Olecranon process of ulna (deep to tendon) (a) Figure 6.18a
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C7 T1 Erector spinae • Iliocostalis • Longissimus • Spinalis
Quadratus Iumborum (b) Figure 6.18b
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Muscles of the Upper Limb
Biceps brachii—supinates forearm, flexes elbow Brachialis—elbow flexion Brachioradialis—weak muscle; elbow flexion Triceps brachii—elbow extension (antagonist to biceps brachii)
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Clavicle Deltoid Sternum Pectoralis major Biceps brachii Brachialis
Brachio- radialis (a) Figure 6.17a
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Occipital bone Sternocleidomastoid Spine of scapula Trapezius
Deltoid (cut) Deltoid Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi Humerus Olecranon process of ulna (deep to tendon) (a) Figure 6.18a
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Muscles of the Upper Limb
Muscles of the forearm, which insert on the hand bones and cause their movement include: Flexor carpi—wrist flexion Flexor digitorum—finger flexion Extensor carpi—wrist extension Extensor digitorum—finger extension
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscles causing movement at the hip joint include: Gluteus maximus—hip extension Gluteus medius—hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking Iliopsoas—hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when standing erect Adductor muscles—adduct the thighs
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Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Iliotibial tract Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Hamstring group Semimembranosus Gastrocnemius (a) Figure 6.20a
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Posterior superior iliac spine
IIiac crest Safe area in gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Sciatic nerve (b) Figure 6.20b
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12th thoracic vertebra 12th rib Iliac crest Psoas major lliopsoas lliacus 5th lumbar vertebra Anterior superior iliac spine Sartorius Adductor group Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Quadriceps Vastus medialis Patella Patellar ligament (c) Figure 6.20c
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscles causing movement at the knee joint Hamstring group—thigh extension and knee flexion Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus
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Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Iliotibial tract Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Hamstring group Semimembranosus Gastrocnemius (a) Figure 6.20a
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscles causing movement at the knee joint Sartorius—flexes the thigh Quadriceps group—extends the knee Rectus femoris Vastus muscles (three)
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12th thoracic vertebra 12th rib Iliac crest Psoas major lliopsoas lliacus 5th lumbar vertebra Anterior superior iliac spine Sartorius Adductor group Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Quadriceps Vastus medialis Patella Patellar ligament (c) Figure 6.20c
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Inguinal ligament Adductor muscles Sartorius Vastus lateralis (d)
Figure 6.20d
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Muscles of the Lower Limb
Muscles causing movement at ankle and foot Tibialis anterior—dorsiflexion, foot inversion Extensor digitorum longus—toe extension and dorsiflexion of the foot Fibularis muscles—plantar flexion, foot eversion Soleus—plantar flexion
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Fibularis longus Tibia Fibularis brevis Soleus Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis tertius (a) Figure 6.21a
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Gastrocnemius Soleus Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus (b) Figure 6.21b
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Figure 6.22 Facial • Frontalis Facial • Orbicularis oculi • Temporalis
• Zygomaticus • Masseter • Orbicularis oris Neck Shoulder • Platysma • Trapezius • Sternocleidomastoid Thorax • Deltoid • Pectoralis minor • Pectoralis major Arm • Serratus anterior • Triceps brachii • Biceps brachii • Intercostals • Brachialis Abdomen • Rectus abdominis Forearm • External oblique • Brachioradialis • Internal oblique • Flexor carpi radialis • Transversus abdominis Pelvis/thigh • lliopsoas Thigh • Sartorius • Adductor muscle Thigh (Quadriceps) • Rectus femoris • Gracilis • Vastus lateralis • Vastus medialis Leg • Fibularis longus • Extensor digitorum longus Leg • Gastrocnemius • Tibialis anterior • Soleus Figure 6.22
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Figure 6.23 Neck • Occipitalis • Sternocleidomastoid • Trapezius
Shoulder/Back • Deltoid Arm • Triceps brachii • Brachialis • Latissimus dorsi Forearm • Brachioradialis • Extensor carpi radialis longus • Flexor carpi ulnaris • Extensor carpi ulnaris Hip • Extensor digitorum • Gluteus medius • Gluteus maximus Thigh lliotibial tract • Adductor muscle • Hamstrings: Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Leg • Gastrocnemius • Soleus • Fibularis longus Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon Figure 6.23
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Deltoid muscle Humerus Figure 6.19
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Posterior superior iliac spine
IIiac crest Safe area in gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Sciatic nerve (b) Figure 6.20b
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Inguinal ligament Adductor muscles Sartorius Vastus lateralis (d)
Figure 6.20d
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