1. Sea Level Rise: Its impacts on Developing countries
Ms. Aparajita Alam
University of Southern Queensland
Australia
Paper ID: ICCC 2017 A 128

2. HISROEICAL OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE CHANGE INTERNATIONALLY
Climate change is a Change in the pattern of weather globally or regionally.
First mention of climate change in 19th century
The Intergovernmental Panel ON Climate Change (IPCC) established in 1988.
According to IPCC, ’increasing concentrations of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere due to human activities has been the dominant cause the earth’s climate is warming since the mid- 20th century’.

3. ANALYTICAL QUESETIONS
Analyzing the status of the post-Kyoto negotiations and whether the member states can implement the objectives of unfccc 1992 under article 2.
Are there any instruments in the global agreements that developing countries can utilize to limit sea levels rise IMPACTS?

4. OBJECTIVES OF THE CLIMATE CHANGE CONVENTION
THE UNFCCC HAS SET OUT OBJECTIVES UNDER ARTICLE 2 TO LIMIT ON GLOBAL WARMING WITHIN THE TIMEFRAME.
The main objective of KYOTO Protocol is set out in Article 3.‘achieve the global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions through committing Annex-1 parties to individual or joint binding targets to reduce or limit their combined anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.
The first commitment period was 2008 to 2012 and commitments were designed to achieve a reduction in total emissions by an average of 5 percent below 1990 level in the commitment period.
The Second Commitment Period is 2013 to 2020

5. THE IPCC FIFTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
According to the IPCC fifth assessment report, global average sea levels rose at an average rate of 1.7mm (1.5 to 2.1) mm per year over the period from 1901 to The greatest rate of increase in this period was during 1993 to as 3.2mm/yr (2.8 to 3.6) mm.
If the sea level rises continuously the large rivers may drain away denser from the delta system which may affect later of heavier floods inland and it will affect the GDP.
Mangrove forests near the coasts will be affected by it

6. SEA LEVEL RISE IMPACTS ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
The predicted effects of Sea Level rise, such as
Land loss and Food security,
insufficient fresh water,
drainage congestion,
river bank erosion,
frequent flood, prolonged and widespread drought and
salinity in the surface, ground and soil in the coastal zone.

7. SEA LEVEL RISE IMPACTS ON DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
The predicted effects of Sea Level rise ON HUMAN LIFELIHOOD, such as
LACK OF NECESSARY INTRASTRUCTURE AND
EMPLOYMENT OPPERTUNITIES
AFFECTING ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS
MIGRATION OF RURAL PEOPLE
HUMAN HEALTH SPECIALLY FEMALES AND CHILDREN
DISEASES CAUSE BY THE CONTAMINATED FLOOD WATER

8. TWO INSTRUMENTS SET OUT BY UNFCCC
MITIGATION
ADAPTATION
Mitigation and Adaptation set out by the UNFCCC of 1992
the Eleventh conference of the parties (COP-11) at Montreal in focused on adaptation and mitigation.
by that time 800 billion tonnes of greenhouse gases, almost 80 percent of which were emitted by the developed countries had stored in the atmosphere

9. DEFINATION UNDER IPCC FORTH ASSESSMENT REPORT
MITIGATION refers ‘an anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources and enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases’
ADAPTATION defines as the process of ‘adjustment in natural and human systems in response to actual and expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderate harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.’
Mitigation limits greenhouse gases THAT MENTIONED IN ANNEX-A OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL to mitigate further climate change and adaptation accepts some degree of climate change that is already inevitable and seeks to limit the negative impacts.

10. MITIGATION
mitigation has got more attention since UNFCCC was drafted as it was considered as more important from the beginning.
Under Art. 12 of the Kyoto Protocol it is stated that mitigation has been related with funding for the developing countries, through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which is established by the Kyoto Protocol.
IT HAS CLEAR DEFINITION, AGENDA TARGETS AND CLEAR FUNDING.

11. ADAPTATION
The fact is that adaptation policies got legitimacy gradually within the international negotiations and it framed for developing countries priority
Attention has given to adaptation in terms of EXAMINING how much mitigation has needed.
NO specific definition and IS FUNDED THROUGH MANY DIFFERENT VOLUNTARY FUND.
more confused by its association with other aspects of the climate convention.
COP 21 (PARIS AGREEMENT) HAS DISCUSSED ABOUT THE ADAPTATION FUND WHICH HAS ENHANCED THE ROLE OF ADAPTATION FOR THE COUNTRIES ALREADY FACING SEVERE CLIMATE CHANGE.

12. ADAPTATION
Three factors are taken in to consideration by the policy makers that includes, time, cost and benefit.
adaptation measures depends on the nature and extend of the climate change impacts at the local and regional level it is difficult to estimate of adaptation costs but policy makers would critically estimate its costs and offer great benefits.
To incorporate this approach of the need for locally appropriate national adaptation policies, the climate change convention set out the process of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA).

13. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAMME OF ACTION (NAPA)
a process for the LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIEs to identify priority activities that respond to their urgent and immediate needs
Though NAPA focuses on urgent and immediate needs, no project has been completed yet
there is no specific mechanism for implementing those projects.

14. OPTIONS FOR THE POLICY MAKER
Take it as a policy priority for the developing countries under the climate change convention.
issue separate adaptation protocol under convention based on specific definition, Achievable targets, specific source of fund.
Increase institutional support and use local reliable information as well as focus on local issues for local benefits.

15. FUTURE WORK
There are kinds of environmental laws and policies to protect the environment but FEWER options of implementation. there is lack of public awareness and lack of effective enforcement of those laws.
Public Interest Environment Litigation (PIEL) concept builds from the concept of Public Interest Litigation with the aim of promoting the enforcement of environmental rights and rules in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
There are kinds of environmental law and policies to protect the environment but FEWER options of implementation. there is lack of public awareness and lack of effective enforcement of those laws. ENVIRONMENTAL COURTS and tribunals ARE VERY Important FOR THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

16. CONCLUSIONS
Adaptation must be taken sincerely as mitigation by the policy makerS and create a legal framework for adaptation.
More effective systems are needed in locally and regionally to response for implementation.
the need of adaptation creates from a global cause but the remedy will provide local benefits.
adaptation is costly but in some cases, some developing and LDCs where mitigation opportunities are very low whereas adaptation measures are high in demand
In that case the technical issues of adaptation need to be more flexible and incorporate a development based approach.

17. REFERENCES:
The Asia Foundation, A Situation Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation Initiatives in Bangladesh (September 2012)
International Fund for Agricultural Development, Investing in Rural People in Bangladesh, (May 2015) <
Rajendra K. Pachauri et al, Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report, Summery Policymaker (2015) <
Krik R. Smith et al, Final Draft, IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 11, Human Health: Impacts, Adaptation and Co-Benefits (28 October 2013) <
What Happened in Doha? Analysis of the Conduct and Outcome of the COP 18 Climate Negotiations, Greenpeace (8 December 2012)
Jyoti Parikh ‘ India and Climate Change: Mitigation, Adaptation and A way Forward’ in Ernesto Zedillo(eds) Global Warming Looking Beyond Kyoto(Brooking institution Press, 2008) p 207
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), The Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Climate Change 2014: Impact Adaptation and Vulnerability, Chapter 18, p 750
Jessica M. Ayers and Saleemul Huq, The Value of Linking Mitigation and Adaptation: A Case Study of Bangladesh (September 2008) <
The IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report What’s in it for South Asia, Climate and Development Knowledge Network (2014)
National Adaptation Programmes of Action, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,(December 6, 2016) <

18. THANK YOU Q & A