1. Introduction to Oral & Dental Anatomy and Morphology 12
Dr Jamal Naim
PhD in Orthodontics
Introduction to Oral & Dental Anatomy and Morphology 12

2. Shape and height of Marginal Ridges
J. Naim-Faculty of Dentistry-University of Palestine
Shape and height of Marginal Ridges
Marginal ridges are the mesial and distal terminations of the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth, and the lingual surfaces of anterior teeth.
They are bulkier on posterior teeth.

3. Shape and height of Marginal Ridges
J. Naim-Faculty of Dentistry-University of Palestine
Shape and height of Marginal Ridges
The height of the marginal ridges of adjacent teeth in the same arch should be at the same level.

4. Shape and height of Marginal Ridges
J. Naim-Faculty of Dentistry-University of Palestine
Shape and height of Marginal Ridges
Malposed, tipped, supraerupted or rotated teeth cause a different height level of the marginal ridges.

5. Continuity of Central Grooves of Posterior Teeth
J. Naim-Faculty of Dentistry-University of Palestine
Continuity of Central Grooves of Posterior Teeth
The central developmental grooves of posterior teeth are normally aligned into one continuous valley in each quadrant.
This allows for a trough through the centers of the occlusal surfaces of the posterior teeth, which results in a more efficient food flow pattern during mastication.

6. Continuity of Central Grooves of Posterior Teeth
J. Naim-Faculty of Dentistry-University of Palestine
Continuity of Central Grooves of Posterior Teeth

7. J. Naim-Faculty of Dentistry-University of Palestine
Occlusal Anatomy
In any dental restorative procedure, the occlusal anatomy of a tooth should normally be reproduced to preexisting form, location, and relative height or depth.

8. J. Naim-Faculty of Dentistry-University of Palestine
Root Shape and Form
The canine as the fang of carnivores, has the longest and strongest root in both arches.
The molars are multirooted to complement the increased size of the occlusal table, as they function in grinding.

9. Root Shape and Form/general
J. Naim-Faculty of Dentistry-University of Palestine
Root Shape and Form/general
Roots are normally widest toward the cervical area and taper toward the apex.
Anterior teeth and premolars normally have single roots. An exception is the maxillary first premolar, which normally exhibits two root branches, a buccal and a lingual.

10. Root Shape and Form/general
J. Naim-Faculty of Dentistry-University of Palestine
Root Shape and Form/general
Maxillary molars normally possess three roots, one lingual and two buccal branches.
Mandibular molars normally have two roots, one mesial and one distal branch.

11. Root Shape and Form/general
J. Naim-Faculty of Dentistry-University of Palestine
Root Shape and Form/general

12. Periodontium

13. Definition
Periodontium (or Periodontal Ligament Apparatus) is the tissue that surrounds the teeth including:
the supporting (alveolar) bone
the Cementum,
the Periodontal ligament and
the Gingiva (free and attached)

14. Alveolar bone
The part of the mandible or maxilla, which surrounds the roots of all healthy teeth is called alveolar process.

15. Alveolar bone
The root of each erupted tooth is embedded in an individual tooth socket , called alveolus (plural = alveoli), whose shape closely correspond with the shape of the roots.

16. Alveolar bone
Each alveolus is lined with a thin compact layer of bone seen on a radiograph (x-ray) as the lamina dura.

17. Cementum
Tooth roots are covered by a thin layer of cementum and is part of the periodontium.

18. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT (PDL)
The periodontal ligament is a very thin ligament composed of many fibers that connects cementum with the thin layer of dense bone (lamina dura) lining each alveolus.
The entire thickness of the ligament would normally be less than one fourth of a millimeter.

20. Gingiva
The gingiva is the part of the oral tissue (oral mucosa) covered by keratinized epithelium.
It covers the alveolar processes of the jaws and surrounds the cervical portions of the teeth.
The gingiva is the only visible part of the periodontium.

21. APPEARANCE OF HEALTHY GINGIVA
Healthy gingiva varies in appearance:
It is usually pink or coral pink

22. APPEARANCE OF HEALTHY GINGIVA
Have brown masking pigmentation (melanin pigm.) by colored and black skin,and in persons of Mediterranean
origin.

23. APPEARANCE OF HEALTHY GINGIVA
Its surface texture is stippled, similar to that of an orange peel.
Resilient and firm and does not bleed when probed.

24. APPEARANCE OF HEALTHY GINGIVA
The margins of healthy gingiva are thin in
profile and knife edged.

25. APPEARANCE OF HEALTHY GINGIVA
The shape of the facial gingival margin around each tooth somewhat parallels the cemento- enamel junction (CEJ),
so it is shaped like a
parabolic arch.

26. Zones of the gingiva
Beginning at the gingival margin, the zones include:
the free gingiva and interdental papilla,
the attached gingiva, and
the alveolar mucosa.

28. Zones of the gingiva
The free Gingiva is the zone closest to the tooth crown, which is the tissue that is not firmly attached to the tooth or alveolar bone.
It surrounds each tooth to form a collar of tissue with a potential space or gingival sulcus (crevice) hidden between itself and the tooth.

29. Zones of the gingiva
Attached gingiva is a band firmly bound to the underlying bone
It extends from the free gingiva to the readily movable alveolar mucosa.
The width of attached gingiva normally varies from 3 to 12 mm.

30. Zones of the gingiva
Attached gingiva is most often widest on the facial aspect of maxillary anterior teeth and on the lingual aspect of mandibular molars.
It is narrowest on the facial aspect of mandibular premolars.

31. Zones of the gingiva
The alveolar mucosa is the movable tissue rich in blood vessels that lines the part of the mouth between the attached gingiva and the lips, cheeks, and tongue. Alveolar mucosa is dark pink to red due to its increased blood supply and a thinner epithelium covering.

32. Zones of the gingiva
The free gingival groove (visible in about one third of adults) separates free gingiva from attached gingiva.
The mucogingival junction (line) is a scalloped junction between attached gingiva and the looser alveolar mucosa.

33. Zones of the gingiva
The free gingival groove (visible in about one third of adults) separates free gingiva from attached gingiva.
The mucogingival junction (line) is a scalloped junction between attached gingiva and the looser alveolar mucosa.