1. The Global Depression and Rise of Dictatorships
Edited By Mr. Barkhau
Shamelessly stolen from:

2. The Rise of Fascism

3. New Forms of Government
After WWI: Germany, Italy, and Russia turned to a new form of dictatorship = totalitarianism
Government has total control over every aspect of the people’s lives
The individual is a servant of the state
Books, radio, films, and schools used to promote the government’s philosophy

4. New Forms of Government
Fascism grew in Italy and Germany
Fascism = a political philosophy that advocates the glorification of the state
Single-party system
One ruler
Aggressive nationalism
The state has absolute authority

5. Fascist Italy – Causes
1. Economic Distress - Inflation and high prices - Heavy taxes to pay for war costs - Widespread unemployment - Returning war vets couldn’t find work - Fascists promised to improve economic conditions

6. Fascist Italy – Causes
2. Fear of Communism - Italian workers started taking over factories - Italian peasants started seizing land - This is similar to how the Russian Revolution started that brought Communism to Russia - Fascists promised to stop the Socialists & the Communists - Factory & land owners now supported the Fascists

7. Fascist Italy – Causes 3. Appeal to Nationalism
Italy was upset that it didn’t get more land in peace treaties after WWI
Fascists said they’d get more land and restore the Roman Empire
This appealed to the youth, veterans, and military people

8. Fascist Italy – Causes 4. Weak Government After WWI
Couldn’t solve Italy’s problems
No political party had a majority in the Parliament
5. Lack of Democratic Tradition
Democracy = not a part of Italy’s history
People more concerned with making ends meet, not defending democracy

9. Benito Mussolini Came from a working-class family
Ambitious and determined
Became an extreme nationalist during WWI
1919 = created Fascist Party in Italy
Black Shirts = Mussolini’s private military band
Used violence and brutality to stop opponents and gain support for the Fascists

10. Mussolini Seizes Power
Fascist Party gained more & more support
Result = Mussolini got stronger & bolder
1922 = the Fascists staged a “march on Rome”
King Victor Emmanuel III refused to declare martial law
Unopposed by the army, Black Shirt bands poured into Rome

11. Mussolini Seizes Power
The King told Mussolini to form a new government
Mussolini took over power without a popular vote or Parliament’s consent
Made himself dictator and turned Italy into a fascist nation

12. Italy Under Mussolini (1922-1943)
Government
Totalitarian dictatorship led by IL DUCE = means “The Leader”
One political party = Fascist party
People denied civil liberties
Black Shirts and secret police used to stop opposition

13. Italy Under Mussolini (1922-1943)
Economy
Government determined wages, hours, and working conditions
Left most industries under private ownership, but controlled production and prices
Set up more armament plants
Italian efficiency – he “made the trains run on time”

14. Italy Under Mussolini (1922-1943)
Militarism
Drafted men to 4 years of service followed by 11 years on reserve
Required military training in schools and Fascist youth groups
Built more military weapons, tanks, etc.

15. Italy Under Mussolini (1922-1943)
Most Italians supported Mussolini
He brought order back to Italy
Solved the unemployment problem
Brought feelings of patriotism & nationalism back to the people
Promised to bring back the glory of ancient Rome

16. Weimar Republic in Germany (1919-1933)
After WWI: Germany set up a democratic government called the Weimar Republic
New constitution created 2 major positions:
President = weak; elected by the people
Chancellor = powerful; elected by the majority party in the Reichstag (like Germany’s Senate)
President from = President Hindenburg

17. Problems with Weimar Republic
Weak and unstable
Couldn’t solve Germany’s problems after WWI
Political parties could not cooperate

18. Fascism in Germany: The Nazis
After WWI: small group of nationalists formed the National Socialist (Nazi) Party
Attacked democracy
Promised to save Germany from Communism
Advocated extreme nationalism
Wanted dictatorship

19. Factors Explaining the Nazi Rise to Power
1. Economic Distress
Germany had to pay reparations of $35 billion after WWI to France and Great Britain
Government printed more money to do this = caused inflation
In 1932 = it took 4 trillion marks to equal 1 U.S. dollar
Middle class lost savings and retirement accounts
Unemployment
In 1932 = 6 million Germans unemployed
Nazis promised to save the economy

20. Factors Explaining the Nazi Rise to Power
2. Fear of Communism
Germans feared a Communist revolution due to bad economy
Nazis promised to save Germany from Communism
3. Lack of Democratic Tradition
German heritage = autocracy, not democracy
Otto von Bismarck
Kaisers
Autocracy meant success and democracy meant failure
Flag of old German Empire

21. Factors Explaining the Nazi Rise to Power
4. Appeal to Nationalism
Many Germans unable to accept defeat in WWI
Nazis pledged to tear up Treaty of Versailles and denounce war-guilt clause
Nazis demanded return of German territories and colonies
Nazis defended Germany’s right to rearm
Nazis claimed Germany had been “stabbed in the back” by Jews and Communists
Promised to create a powerful German Empire

22. Adolf Hitler Leader of Nazi Party Austrian Failed artist
Decorated WWI veteran
Brilliant organizer and speaker
Used propaganda and mass rallies to gain support and persuade people

23. Leaders of the Beer Hall Putsch
In Munich in 1923
Nazi attempt at a revolution
Hitler led a surprise attack and tried to kill top leaders of the Weimar Republic in a beer hall
Failed
Hitler went to jail for about a year
Leaders of the Beer Hall Putsch

24. “Mein Kampf” Book written by Hitler while in jail
“Mein Kampf” = “My Struggle”
Outlined Hitler’s plans for Germany
Blamed the Jews & Communists for Germany’s defeat in WWI
Said Germans were a “master race” that should rule the world
Said Germans needed “Lebensraum” = living space
Explained his plan for the extermination of the Jewish race

25. Nazis Gain Power
Nazis gained support as economy kept getting worse in Germany
1932 election = Nazis got 37% of the popular vote
Made them the largest party in the Reichstag
1933 = Hitler appointed Chancellor by President Hindenburg

26. Nazis Gain Power 1933 = Hitler calls for new elections
Voting = marked by intimidation & violence
Reichstag building mysteriously burned down
Hitler blamed the Communists
Nazis got more support because people were so afraid
Nazis got even more seats in the Reichstag in 1933 election

27. Nazis Gain Power
Hitler pushed for the Enabling Act = made him absolute dictator for 1 year
Could pass laws without the Reichstag or the President
1934 = President Hindenburg died
Hitler blended the positions of President and Chancellor
Now just 1 leader = Der Führer

28. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 Government Nazi Party controlled everything
All other political parties outlawed
Under Heinrich Himmler, the Gestapo (secret police) brutally oppressed anti-Nazis
Torture, death, sent to concentration camps
Brown Shirts = army members loyal to Hitler
SS = Nazi elite; most trusted guards

29. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 Propaganda
Propaganda Ministry led by Joesph Goebbels
Used movies, radio, press, etc. to flood Germany with the Nazi cause

30. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 Education
Used schools to influence the youth
Only Nazis could teach
Nazi textbooks
Classes focused on Nazi goals
Chemistry = kids learned how to make poison gas
Social Studies = kids learned evils of democracy
Math = kids calculated bomb distances

31. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 Hitler Youth
Organizations set up for young people between ages of 6 and 18
Molded German youth to accept Nazi ideas

32. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 Science and Culture
Scientists worked on war weapons
All books, movies, etc. that were anti-Nazi were burned and banned

33. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 Women Inferior social status in Germany
Excluded from politics
Major purpose = to have children and increase the population of the “master race”

34. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 Economy
Nazi regime set wages, hours, and working conditions
Eliminated unemployment
Public works projects - like the Autobahn, bridges, canals, public buildings, etc.
Increased production of arms
“Make guns, not butter”

35. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 Militarism
Used draft to create a large army
Remilitarized the Rhineland
Shifted German industry to war production
Gave military training to youth in schools & youth organizations
This violated the Treaty of Versailles, but the Allies did nothing

36. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 Persecution of the Jews
Ousted from jobs, businesses, and homes
1935 = Nuremburg Laws passed
Said anyone with at least 1 Jewish grandparent was Jewish & couldn‘t be a German citizen
Placed limits on leaving Germany
Jewish people required to wear identification badges = Stars of David

37. The Third Reich: 1933-1945 Persecution of the Jews
November 1938 = Kristallnacht = Night of Broken Glass
Organized attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues

38. The Great Depression

39. Industrial Capitalism
Benefits:
Created the most substantial economic growth in the 19th century
Provided opportunities for wealth and social advancement
Problems:
Promoted individualistic materialism
Created vast social inequalities
Unstable system  cycles of boom and bust, expansion and recession

40. The Stock Market Crash October 1929 = the stock market crashed
Stock prices plummeted
“Paper” fortunes were wiped out
Banks and businesses closed
People lost their savings
World trade dropped 62% in a couple of years
People lost their jobs  unemployment soared

41. The Great Depression Emergence of: Vacant factories Soup kitchens
Bread lines
Shantytowns
Homeless people and beggars

42. The Great Depression Worldwide phenomenon
Spread from America to Europe and beyond
Lasted about 10 years
A Run on a Bank in Berlin

43. Leading up to the Great Depression: Problems for U. S
Leading up to the Great Depression: Problems for U.S. Factories in the 1920s
U.S. = physically untouched by WWI
1920s = farms and factories were producing more goods than could be sold
Unequal income distribution in U.S. = many Americans did not have enough money to buy these products
Line to a Soup Kitchen

44. Leading up to the Great Depression: Problems for U. S
Leading up to the Great Depression: Problems for U.S. Factories in the 1920s
Many European countries could not afford to buy these goods either
Germany and Austria = had to make reparations payments and needed U.S. loans to make them
Britain and France = in debt to the U.S. from money they borrowed during WWI
Europeans began producing their own products again as their economies recovered
This reduced demand for American products

45. The Great Depression
Countries and colonies dependent on 1-2 products = hit especially hard by the Great Depression
Example: Chile = dependent on copper exports  value of its copper cut by 80%
Cocoa farmers in Ghana = badly hurt as prices of “luxury” and “commodity” goods dropped

46. The Great Depression: Capitalism Challenged
Major result of the Great Depression = capitalist countries were challenged and criticized
Capitalist countries = claimed the economy would regulate itself and self-correct itself if any problems arose
But this wasn’t happening during the Great Depression

47. The Great Depression: Capitalism Challenged
Some countries became interested in communism and looked twice at the Soviet Union
Many Western European countries adopted “democratic socialism” = greater government regulation of the economy and a more equal distribution of wealth through peaceful means and electoral politics

48. U.S. Response to the Great Depression
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal Program ( )
Combination of reforms designed to restart economic growth and prevent problems in the future
Government projects  dams, highways, bridges, parks, etc.
Social Security system
Federal minimum wage

49. U.S. Response to the Great Depression
Various relief and welfare programs to aid the poor, unemployed, and elderly
Support for workers and labor unions
Government subsidies for farmers to encourage more production
Creation of new government agencies to help supervise the economy

50. Japan After World War I

51. A Japanese Woman in the 1920s
Japan After World War I
Limited participation in WWI
Result: Economy grew during and after the war
1920s = Japan moving toward more democratic politics and Western values
1925 = universal male suffrage
Emergence of two-party system
Greater gender equality and more freedoms of expression
Expansion of education
Development of an urban consumer society
Middle-class women entered new professions
A Japanese Woman in the 1920s

52. Japan After World War I
Tensions/problems resulting from Japan’s modernization and industrialization:
1918 = “rice riots” = millions protested the rising price of rice
1920s = union membership tripled as Japanese workers started to fight more for workers’ rights
Increased disputes between landowners and tenants
Rising women’s movement  wanted the right to vote and the end of legal prostitution

53. Special Forces of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department
Japan After World War I
These tensions and problems = alarming  reminded many of how the Russian Revolution started in 1917
1925 = Peace Preservation Law passed = promised long prison sentences, or even the death penalty, to anyone who organized against the existing imperial system of government or against private property
Special Forces of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department

54. Japan and the Great Depression
Great Depression = what ultimately led to harsher authoritarian rule in Japan
Japan = hit hard by the Great Depression
Shrinking world demand for silk = millions of silk farmers now impoverished
Exports fell by 50% between 1929 and 1931
More than a million urban workers left unemployed
Food = scarce
Families forced to sell their daughters to brothels

55. Japan and the Great Depression
Many began to question whether democracy and capitalism could address Japan’s “national emergency”
Growing movement in Japan = “Radical Nationalism”
Extreme nationalism
Opposed to parliamentary democracy
Commitment to elite leadership focused around an emperor
Dedication to foreign expansion
Especially appealing to younger army officers
Japan’s Young Women’s Patriotic Association

56. Japanese Authoritarianism
1930s = right-wing nationalist thinking continued to grow
Parliament, political parties, and elections continued  but major government positions now held by military or bureaucratic figures, not party leaders
Military began to have a more dominant role in political life
Censorship limited free expression
Only ONE single news agency allowed to distribute national and international news to newspapers and radio stations
Trade unions banned  replaced with “discussion councils”

57. Japanese Authoritarianism
1937 = new textbook issued by the Ministry of Education
Used in all Japanese schools
Stressed the difference between Japan and “the West”
Stressed the divinity of the Japanese emperor
Students required to do more physical training
Martial arts replaced baseball in gym classes
Japanese Students at Rifle Training

58. Japanese Authoritarianism
Authoritarian state in Japan gained a lot of popular support because it was able to pull Japan out of the Great Depression
By the end of 1937 = “everyone was working”
State-financed credit to businesses
Government spending on armaments
Public works projects

59. Differences between Japanese Authoritarianism and Fascism in Italy and Germany
No right-wing party gained popular support or seized power
Fascist political parties gained support & seized power
No charismatic leader
Mussolini and Hitler
No fascist party
Strong fascist parties
People arrested for political offenses = “resocialized” = renounced their errors and returned to the “Japanese Way”
People arrested for political offenses = institutionalized, deported, or killed
Less repressive than Italy and Germany

60. Japanese Imperialism
Japan believed it should have been given more land in the Treaty of Versailles
1930s = Japanese imperial ambitions began to grow
Growing Japanese nationalism
Military became more powerful in Japan’s political life

61. Manchuria
Japan acquired sphere of influence in Manchuria following victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of
Japanese fear = growing Chinese nationalism would threaten this sphere of influence
1931 = Japanese military seized control of Manchuria
Set up a puppet state called Manchukuo
Western powers = NOT HAPPY
Japan = broke with its Western allies and withdrew from the League of Nations
1936 = Japan joined with Germany and Italy in an alliance called the Axis Powers

62. China 1937 = Japan invaded China Japanese forces = brutal and violent
In many Chinese villages  every single person and every single animal were killed
= Rape of Nanjing
200,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians killed or mutilated within a few months
Countless women sexually assaulted