1. 6 Kingdoms of Life
SOL BIO: 5 a-f

2. Classification Need to organize information
Taxonomy – branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

3. Domains and Kingdoms A three domain system of classification
is commonly used.
• Organisms are placed into domains and
kingdoms based on their cell type, their
ability to make food, and the number of
cells in their bodies.
• The three domains are Bacteria,
Archaea, and Eukarya.

4. 7 levels of Classification
Kingdom
Phylum King Phillip Came
Class Over From Great
Order Spain
Family
Genus
Species

5. Important People
Aristotle- classified based on qualities like shape, ability to do harm, whether they are air, land, or water dwellers
Linnaeus- classified based on form and structure; came up with Binomial Nomenclature

6. Binomial Nomenclature
• Definition – Genus is a classification grouping that contains similar, closely related organisms.
– The genus is the first word in an organism’s scientific name.
– The species is the second word in an
organism’s scientific name

7. When writing in binomial nomenclature:
The Genus is always written as a capital letter.
The species is always written as a lower case letter.
If typing the name, put it in italics
If writing the name, underline both the genus and species
Example: Homo sapiens

8. –– The second word in an organism’s name describes a
unique feature of the organism.
• Definition – Species is a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.

9. The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:
1. Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic)
2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)
3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

10. Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes
1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall
Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

11. Prokaryotes – Bacteria!
DO NOT HAVE:
An organized nucleus
Structured organelles

13. Eukaryotes DO HAVE: Nucleus organized with a membrane
Also have other organelles

15. 2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions:
Cell Number
Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae
Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate

16. Unicellular
Multicellular

17. 3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions
Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food
Autotroph Producer
Make their own food
Heterotroph or Consumer
Must eat other organisms to survive
Includes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!

18. 6 Kingdoms Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

19. Cell Wall Yes Yes & NO NO Kingdom Cell Type Cell # Feeding Type
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Autotroph
Eubacteria
Both
Protista
Eukaryote
Most Unicellular
Fungi
both
Heterotroph
Plantae
Multicellular
Animalia
Cell Wall
Yes
Yes & NO NO

20. Archaebacteria
These are the oldest organisms on earth and although they look like bacteria, they are very different. NONE are pathogenic.

21. Archaebacteria Ancient bacteria- Live in very harsh environments
extremophiles

22. Archaebacteria Methods of reproduction: ASSEXUAL
1. Fragmentation: organism splits into fragments and each fragment becomes a new organism
2. Budding: organisms form from outgrowths of parent
3. Binary Fission: Organism splits in two

23. Archaebacteria Main Groups
Methanogens: live where there is not oxygen, like swamps and animal intestines, and are responsible for producing methane gas.
Halophiles: Live in extremely hot environments that are very salty.
Thermophiles: Live in extremely acidic, hot and moist regions near sulfur springs.

24. Eubacteria
These are typical bacteria. They have rigid cell walls and can be dangerous to humans. They are unicellular prokaryotes. They are classified according to their shape

25. Bacteria
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes

26. Bacterial Shapes Bacteria come in 3 main shapes Rod or Stick (bacilli)
Sphere (cocci)
Helical or spiral (spirilla)

27. Bacterial Locomotion Some bacteria have flagella or cilia for movement
Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

28. Bacterial Nutrition
Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize
Some bacteria are heterotrophs and absorb organic matter from dead or living organisms.
Others are chemotrophic and get food by breaking down organic matter.

29. Bacteria Reproduction
Binary fission (asexual)
chromosome of the bacteria replicates and organism splits in two
Conjugation (sexual)
Two individuals join and exchange genetic material in the nucleus

30. Main Groups Purple Bacteria (Gram Positive)
Green Bacteria (Gram Negative)
Cyanobacteria
These organisms cause tooth decay, turn milk into yogurt, cause food poisoning and convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into forms that plants can use.

31. Protists
Protists include microbes such as slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae that mostly live in water.
Most are unicellular but a few are multi-celled and all are eukaryotes.

32. There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists, classified by how they move.
Pseudopods: Temporary bulge in cell membrane that fill with cytoplasm
Cilia: tiny hair like structures that move like waves.
Flagella: thin, long hair-like structure that whips around. )

33. Animal like protists are heterotrophs:
Ex. Sarcodines (pseudopods), Ciliates(cillia) and Zooflagelates(flagella), amoeba
Plant Like protists are autotrophs. Ex. Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, algae, diatoms, volvox
Fungus Like protists: They are heterotrophs. Ex. Water Molds, Downy Mildews, Slime molds
Some protists are beneficial but others cause diseases in humans such as:

34. Protists Locomotion 3 types of movement: Pseudopod (false foot)
Flagella
cilia

35. Disease Protist Vector (carrier) Symptoms Details
Amebic dysentery
Ameba histolytica
water
diarrhea
can get from tap water in some places
Giardaisis (beaver fever)
Giardia
diarrhea, vomiting
don't drink water from streams
African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma
Tse tse fly
uncontrolled sleepiness, confusion
Only found in isolated areas lives in blood
Malaria
Plasmodium
Anopheles mosquito
fever, chills, death
can be treated with quinine lives in blood results in millions deaths per year
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma
cats
fetal death or brain damage
pregnant women should avoid cat litter

36. Protists Disease
Amebic dysentery
Ameba histolytica

37. Protists Disease
Giardiasis
(beaver fever)
 Giardia

38. Protists Disease
African Sleeping Sickness
 Trypanosoma

39. Protists Disease
Malaria
Plasmodium

40. Protists Nutrition
Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

41. ProtistaReproduction
Binary Fission (asexual)
Conjugation (sexual)

42. Fungi Kingdom
The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms because they are decomposers.
By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

43. Fungi All fungi are eukaryotic
They may be unicellular or multicellular
All fungi have a cell wall
Unicellular (yeast)
Multicellular

44. Fungi Fungi can be very helpful and delicious
Penicillin
Fungi can be very helpful and delicious
Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi

45. Fungi Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases:
Athlete's Foot

46. Fungi
Ringworm

47. Fungi Locomotion Fungi are stationary
They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

48. Fungi Nutrition All fungi are heterotrophs
- Saprophytes-get their nutrients from dead organic matter
- Mutualists – live symbiotically
- Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host

49. There are 4 main types of Fungi
There are 4 main types of Fungi classified by how they reproduce): Spores (sexual & asexual), Budding (asexual), vegetative growth (asexual, fungus grows straight out of parent)
Zygospore (Zygosporangia)
common bread molds
reproduce by “spores”-
asexual reproduction!

50. There are 4 main types of Fungi 2. Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes)
Mushrooms & puffballs
Reproduce by spores, some spores are asexual (coming from mitosis) and some are sex spores (coming from meiosis)

51. There are 4 main types of Fungi 3. Sac Fungi (Ascomycetes)
Yeast – reproduce by
“budding” = asexual method

52. There are 4 main types of Fungi 4. Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycetes)
Pharmaceutically important!
Fungi on oranges from which penicillin is extracted
COMMERCIALLY important!
Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese!
Used to make soy sauce. Yum!

53. Plant Kingdom
All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and…
they are autotrophs

54. 5) Plant Kingdom Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic
Take up water and nutrients in roots; make food in leaves (photosynthesis)
Vascular plants: have vascular tissue tubes called xylem and phloem to take up water, can live anywhere
Non vascular: must live near water b/c they do not have xylem and phloem

55. 5) Plant Kingdom Reproduction:
Alternation of generations: Plants alter between sexual and asexual reproduction.
Budding
Pollination (Sexual) Can occur by insects, wind, or plant itself
Spores

56. Mosses

57. Liverworts & Hornworts

58. Gymnosperms
Conifers (pine cones)
Oldest vascular plants

59. Angiosperms
- flowering plants

60. Animalia Kingdom All animals are: Multicellular eukaryotes
cells lack a cell wall
-Heterotrophs
Capable of movement at some point in their lives.
Most reproduce sexually, some can reproduce by asexually by budding, fragmentation, regeneration

61. Criteria for Classification within the Animal Kgdm
Body Symmetry
1. Asymmetrical
Asymmetrical animals (sponges) have no general body plan or axis of symmetry that divides the body into mirror-image halves.

62. 2. Radial Symmetry
Animals (such as coral and jelly fish) have body parts organized about a central axis and tend to be cylindrical in shape.

63. 3. Bilateral Symmetry
Bilaterally symmetrical animals (such as humans and fish)
have only a single plane of symmetry that produces mirror halves.

64. Animals with a backbone are called vertebrates.
Animals without a backbone are called invertebrates