1. Unit 11: Classification
INSTRUCTIONS FOR NOTETAKING: Copy all words unless otherwise indicated.
Copy no tables or diagrams unless otherwise indicated.
Use Cornell (2-column style) format.
Leave room after each EQ for a 3 sentence summary.
video use later

2. Essential Question #1:
How and why are organisms classified the way they are? (Include HIERARCHY and EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS.)

3. This is a pangolin, native to Africa & Asia. They are mammals!
How Are Organisms Classified?
Organisms can be classified in one of two ways:
Based on P________ similarities
Based on E_________ relationships.
This is a pangolin, native to Africa & Asia. They are mammals!

4. Classification Method #1: Based on physical similarities
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.
Linnaeus developed the S______ naming system based on physical similarities, still used today.
White oak: Quercus alba

5. Classification Method #1: Based on physical similarities
Binomial nomenclature is a T___-part scientific naming system Linnaeus developed
uses Latin words
always written in italics
two parts are the genus name and species descriptor
(always capitalized) (never capitalized)
Example: Homo sapiens

6. Classification Method #1: Based on physical similarities
Genus name- S____ in the same genus are thought to be closely related.
Scientific names help scientists to communicate.
Some species have very similar common names.
Some species have many common names.

7. Linnaeus’ classification system has S_____ levels.
Classification Method #1: Based on physical similarities
Linnaeus’ classification system has S_____ levels.
Each level is included in the level above it.
Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.
(Copy the categories -blue tabs)

8. The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
Classification Method #1: Based on physical similarities
The Linnaean classification system has limitations.
Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for M_____ (DNA) evidence.
The technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time.
based only on physical similarities.

9. Is there a more ACCURATE way of determining relationships between organisms?
Physical similarities are not always the result of C____ relationships.
G_____ similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.

10. Classification Method #2:Based on Evolutionary Relationships
M_____ classification is based on evolutionary relationships. (which relies on DNA evidence!)

11. Classification Method #2:Based on Evolutionary Relationships
We make evolutionary trees to show relationships
evidence from living species, F____ record, and molecular data
shown with branching tree diagrams or “CLADOGRAMS”

12. Classification Method #2:Based on Evolutionary Relationships
A clade is a group of species that shares a C____ ancestor.
Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor.
Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

13. Classification Method #2:Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Derived characteristics are T____ shared in different degrees by clade members.
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
Tetrapoda clade 1
Amniota clade 2
Reptilia clade 3
Diapsida clade 4
Archosauria clade 5
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW
FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
DERIVED CHARACTER
more closely related species share more derived characters
represented on cladogram as hash marks

14. Classification Method #2:Based on Evolutionary Relationships
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
CLADE
Tetrapoda clade 1
Nodes represent the most recent common A____ of a clade.
Amniota clade 2
Reptilia clade 3
Diapsida clade 4
Archosauria clade 5
FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW
Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node.
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
DERIVED CHARACTER
NODE

15. Why has the way we classify organisms changed over time?
Essential Question #2:
Why has the way we classify organisms changed over time?

16. Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.
Classification Method #2: Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness.
Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities.
Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a N___ classification.
DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.

17. Classification Method #2: Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Molecular clocks provide clues to evolutionary history. Molecular clocks use M___ to estimate evolutionary time.
Mutations add up at a constant rate in related species.
This rate is the ticking of the molecular clock.
As more time passes, there will be more mutations.
Mutations add up at a fairly
constant rate in the DNA of species that evolved from a common ancestor.
Ten million years later—
one mutation in each lineage
Another ten million years later—
one more mutation in each lineage
The DNA sequences from two
descendant species show mutations
that have accumulated (black).
The mutation rate of this
sequence equals one mutation
per ten million years.
DNA sequence from a
hypothetical ancestor

18. Classification Method #2: Based on Evolutionary Relationships
Scientists estimate mutation rates by linking molecular data and the F___ appearance of a species in fossil record.
Notice how scientists compare various data sources (amino acids, fossils) to better understand relationships. It is helpful to have more than 1 source of information!

19. Essential Question #3:
What are the distinguishing characteristics of the DOMAINS and KINGDOMS of living organisms?
Recognize distinguishing characteristics of organisms (prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, unicellular vs multicellular, autotrophs vs heterotrophs, environments)

20. Classification Groups
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
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21. Classification Groups
There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
BROADEST TAXON
Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants.
Most Specific
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22. Dumb
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Gooseberry
Soup!
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23. READ, BUT DON’T COPY
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24. The “Tree of Life”: Domains & Kingdoms
The current tree of life has three domains. The three domains in the tree of life are B_____, Archaea, and Eukarya.
domain model more clearly shows P_____ diversity

25. The “Tree of Life”: Domains & Kingdoms
Kingdoms are smaller groups “under” domains Classification is always a work in progress.
The tree of life shows our most current understanding.
New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.
Until 1866: only two kingdoms: A____ and P_____

26. Classification is always a work in progress.
The “Tree of Life”: Domains & Kingdoms
Classification is always a work in progress.
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista
Archea
Bacteria
1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera
1959: F_____ moved to own kingdom
1977: kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea

27. Kingdoms Archaea and Bacteria
The “Tree of Life”: Domains & Kingdoms
READ, BUT DON’T COPY
Kingdoms Archaea and Bacteria
Archaea
Bacteria
Organization
Unicellular
Where Found
Harsh Environments (sewers, hot springs, geysers)
All habitats, except harsh
ex: stomach of animals
Functions
Develop medicines
Decomposers in environment, used commercially (cheese, medicine)
Cell Wall
Not peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
Obtain Food
Absorption,
Photosynthesis
chemosynthesis
Motility
Some are able to move

28. Live in the intestines of animals
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29. READ, BUT DON’T COPY
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30. Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?
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