1. CLASSIFICATION & TAXONOMY

2. Why bother?
Cougar
Mountain lion
Puma

3. Aristotle’s Classification Scheme
Greek philosopher who developed first classification system
Divided all organisms into 2 GROUPS:
Non motile (plants)
Motile (animals)
Plants grouped by:
size (small, medium, large)
Animals grouped by:
where they lived (air, water, land)

4. Woodchuck
Groundhog

5. Classification
Names organisms and groups them in a logical manner (based on similarities)

6. Taxonomy Branch of Biology
The science of assigning names to organisms using “binomial nomenclature”
Universally accepted name
Scientific Nomenclature

7. Binomial Nomenclature
Written in Latin
Genus species
Italicized
Genus: Capitalized
A genus is a closely related species
species: lowercase
Members of the same species can mate and produce fertile offspring
Example: Homo sapiens

8. What is Binomial Nomenclature?
Binomial Nomenclature- scientifically naming using 2 words. (Latin words)
Genus: First word, always capitalized. Group of closely related species.
Species: Second word, lowercase. Descriptive.
Genus species - whole name italicized
Genus
Species
common name
Homo
sapiens
Humans
Eurycea
bislineata
Salamander

9. Binomial Nomenclature
A system for naming organisms by structure created by Linnaeus: ( )
Although Linneaus didn’t realize it, by classifying organisms by structure he was also classifying them by evolutionary relationships

10. Scientific & Common Names
Scientific Name:
genus and species name
Iguana iguana
Felis domesticus
Common name:
Organism is commonly called by common name
Not used in the scientific community
Green Iguana
Domestic Cat

11. The “New” Evolutionary Classification
Categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent
Not just physical similarities
This new method is called: Evolutionary Classification
Scientists classify organisms based on their Evolutionary Beginnings

12. Cladograms A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships
Cladograms are useful tools
Help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution
Derived characters = characteristics that appear in recent lineage but not in older members…used to construct cladograms

13. Derived characters

15. Traditional Classification vs. Cladogram
Evolutionary Decent: Class
Physical Similarities
Conical Shells
Appendages
Crustaceans
Gastropoda
Crab Barnacle Limpet
Molten exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free-swimming larvae
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION
CLADOGRAM

16. Ways of diagramming Classification
Phylogenetic trees- show hierarchy & relationships
Cladograms= focuses on evolutionary linkage

17. Phylogenetic tree: shows descent of organisms from early ancestors
Molecular clock: shows time two species have been separately evolving

18. 7 levels from largest to smallest:
Carolus Linnaeus: History of Classification Linnaeus’ System of Classification still used today
7 levels from largest to smallest:
Based on physical characteristics and close relationships
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
King Phillip Came Over From Germany Swimming King Phillip Can Order Five Green Shakes.

20. Kingdoms Broadest of all taxa Grouped into 3 domains: Bacteria –
Eubacteria
2. Archae-
Archeabacteria
3. Eukarya:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

21. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
Eukaryote
Have a nucleus
Have membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote
No nucleus
No membrane bound organelles

22. Kingdoms Broadest of all taxa Grouped into 3 domains: Bacteria –
Eubacteria
2. Archae-
Archeabacteria
3. Eukarya:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

23. The 6 Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae
Animalia

24. Animal Kingdom Multicellular Eukaryotes Heterotrophs NO cell wall
Mobile

25. Animal Kingdom Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, reptiles, mammals
Vertebrates & Invertebrates
Terrestrial & Aquatic

26. Plant Kingdom Multicellular Eukaryotes Autotrophs
Cell walls containing cellulose
Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Lack mobility
More than 250,000 species

27. Plant Kingdom

28. Fungi Kingdom Multicellular (except yeasts) Eukaryotes Heterotrophs
Cell walls contain chitin
Decomposers (absorb nutrients)

29. Kingdom Fungi

30. Kingdom Protista Eukaryotes Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Two main groups:
plant like (have cell walls with cellulose, e.g.: phytoplankton)
animal like (NO cell walls, e.g.: amoeba)
Unicellular or multicellular

31. Protist Kingdom

32. Kingdom Eubacteria Unicellular Prokaryotes
Simple cell walls that are netlike and porous, contain peptidoglycan
More abundant than any other organism
Both aerobic and anaerobic
Heterotrophs & autotrophs
1st forms of life

33. Eubacteria
Examples:Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

34. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Cell walls do NOT contain peptidoglycan
Unicellular prokaryotes
Some autotrophs, most heterotrophs

35. Archaebacteria
Extremophiles-Can live in very extreme environment, such as very HOT water.
Methanogens-love methane
Halophiles- love salt

36. Monerans Concept Map Section 19-1 are classified into the kingdoms of
live in harsh environments such as
include a variety of lifestyles such as

37. Monerans Concept Map Section 19-1 Bacteria :
are classified into the kingdoms of
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
live in harsh environments such as
include a variety of lifestyles such as
Infecting large organisms
Thick mud
Living in soil
Animal digestive tracts
Salty lakes
Hot springs :

38. which is subdivided into
CONCEPT MAP
are characterized by
and differing
which place them in
such as
which is subdivided into
which place them in
which coincides with

39. CONCEPT MAP Living Things Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells
are characterized by
Important characteristics
and differing
which place them in
Domain Eukarya
Cell wall structures
such as
which is subdivided into
which place them in
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
which coincides with
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria

40. Domain
Kingdom
Pro or
Euk
Nucleus?
Y or N
Cell Wall?
 If Yes: contains
Mobile?