1. The TEKS
Know that climatic interactions exist among Earth, ocean, and weather systems.
8.10 (A) recognize that the Sun provides the energy that drives convection within the atmosphere and oceans, producing winds and ocean currents;

2. CONVECTION
Transfer of heat by the movement of warmed fluid (air or liquid)
Warm fluid rises (less dense)
Cool fluid sinks (more dense)

3. CONVECTION

4. CONVECTION

5. CONVECTION Moves air in the atmosphere! Moving Air = Winds
Convection in the atmosphere
is the main cause of the wind.
Where does the Energy for
Convection come from on
Earth?

6. THE SUN!!!

7. CONVECTION

8. CONVECTION
causes deep ocean currents!

9. CONVECTION
Wind over the shore changes direction because of EARTH’S UNEVEN WARMING & COOLING!

10. Hot Air is Less Dense!

11. What is most dense SINKS!
Atmospheric Density
How high is the atmosphere? 99% is within 30 km / 18 miles of the surface of the Earth
Half the atmosphere is 5 km / 3.5 miles above the surface of the Earth
What is most dense SINKS!
Air Pressure – the weight of the air pressing on the surface at a give location

12. Atmospheric Movement MOSTLY CAUSED BY: Temperature differences
Pressure differences
Coriolis Effect (due to Earth’s rotation)

13. Air Movement
Gas molecules move from high density to lower density

14. The TEKS
Know that climatic interactions exist among Earth, ocean, and weather systems.
8.10 (B) identify how global patterns of atmospheric movement influence local weather using weather maps that show high and low pressures and fronts;

15. We would expect…

16. Coriolis Effect breaks up Global Circulation
On Earth the large circulation cell breaks up into 3 smaller ones, moving diagonally
Other worlds have more or fewer circulation cells depending on their rotation rate

17. The Coriolis effect The Coriolis effect
Is a result of Earth’s rotation
Causes moving objects to follow curved paths:
In Northern Hemisphere, curvature is to right
In Southern Hemisphere, curvature is to left
Changes with latitude:
No Coriolis effect at Equator
Maximum Coriolis effect at poles

18. The Coriolis effect on Earth
As Earth rotates, different latitudes travel at different speeds
The change in speed with latitude causes the Coriolis effect
Figure 6-9a

19. Global Winds - winds that blow steadily in paths for thousands of kilometers

20. Total Atmosphere Circulation

21. Role of the Ocean
Slowly absorbs and slowly releases heat energy helping keep Earth’s temperatures relatively stable
Oceans heat or cool the air above them and transport heat around the globe in currents.
Hurricanes form over warm ocean water, drawing their energy from the water’s heat.

22. Ocean Currents Currents large scale water movements
occur everywhere in ocean
both surface and deep
2 main types: surface currents (10%) and subsurface currents (90%)
surface currents are primarily wind driven
deep currents are density driven
other forces affecting currents
Coriolis effect
friction
gravity
thermal expansion
geologic shape of ocean basin

23. Major oceanic circulation systems

24. Current Gyres Gyres are large circular-moving loops of water
Five main gyres (one in each ocean basin):
North Pacific
South Pacific
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
Indian
Generally 4 currents in each gyre
Centered about 30o north or south latitude

25. Wind-driven surface currents

26. Lost at Sea
It began Jan. 10, 1992, when a container ship, en route from Hong Kong to Tacoma, ran into a hurricane near the international dateline. The waves were so powerful that they broke some of the steel cables holding the huge containers, releasing 12 of them over the side. One that was lost held 28,800 Friendly Floatee bathtub toys, made in China for The First Years Inc. of Avon, Mass. They were red beavers, green frogs, blue turtles and, of course, yellow ducks.
We might expect that elaborate wrapping around the toys would have dragged them straight to the bottom. But they managed to escape five levels of packing, from the heavy steel containers (violent waves opened the door latches) to the plastic and paper boxes (water pulped the cardboard) before finally floating free.
It took 10 months for the first 10 Floatees to reach shore near Sitka, Alaska, having been swept along by the Subpolar Gyre, the ocean current in the Bering Sea. By then they had covered about 3,200 km and two oceanographers in Seattle, Ebbesmeyer and James Ingraham, were tracking their progress. (Ebbesmeyer and Ingraham were already studying 61,000 Nike running shoes that had fallen in the ocean two years earlier.)
A few months later another 20 toys reached Alaska. By August 1993, 400 more had been found along the shores of the Gulf of Alaska. Ingraham logged them in his OSCUR (Ocean Surface Currents Simulation), a program that calculates the course of wind and currents. Other toys, after following a circuitous route to Washington state, began arriving there in 1996.
The oceanographers predicted that some toys would drift north, get locked in Arctic ice, then eventually be released. In a few years they could move across the Pole to the Atlantic. Then where would they go? Eventually they arrived in Maine, Iceland, Newfoundland, the U.K. and Germany.
The last of the survivors continued to float, Ebbesmeyer says, “bleached and battered but still recognizable after 16 years.” Well, the manufacturer said they were designed to survive 52 dishwasher cycles.
Ebbesmeyer approaches this narrative with a cheerful buoyancy: “These high-seas drifters offer a new way of looking at the seas. Call it ‘flotsametrics.’ It’s led me to a world of beauty, order and peril I could not have imagined even after decades as a working oceanographer.” He loves his status as flotsam headquarters for data sent back by the world’s 1,000 or so dedicated beachcombers.
It’s a joyful story of discoveries he tells in his book. But he brings the reader back to Earth, and starts us thinking again about BP, when he describes the seabed slowly filling with bits of plastic that poison the fish and eventually the humans who eat them. Thousands of containers fall into the sea every year, creating an oceanic junkyard.
And the junk never disappears. These days beachcombers keep coming across flotsam antiques, like a plastic ball decorated with 40-year-old cartoon characters or Japanese glass buoys for fishing nets that haven’t been used in half a century. These relics are fascinating bits of the past, but when it comes to the fate of the oceans, perhaps beachcombers have stumbled upon the melancholy truth.
Read more:
January shipwrecked in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of China
November half had drifted north to the Bering Sea and Alaska; the other half went south to Indonesia and Australia
1995 to spent five years in the Arctic ice floes, slowly working their way through the glaciers
the duckies bobbed over the place where the Titanic had sunk
they were predicted to begin washing up onshore in New England, but only one was spotted in Maine
a couple duckies and frogs were found on the beaches of Scotland and southwest England.

27. Duckie Progress
January shipwrecked in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of China
November half had drifted north to the Bering Sea and Alaska; the other half went south to Indonesia and Australia
1995 to spent five years in the Arctic ice floes, slowly working their way through the glaciers
the duckies bobbed over the place where the Titanic had sunk
they were predicted to begin washing up onshore in New England, but only one was spotted in Maine
a couple duckies and frogs were found on the beaches of Scotland and southwest England.

28. Other Effects of Wind on Water Movement
Downwelling – results when two wind-driven surface currents collide
OR when a wind-driven surface current collides with a land mass
two surface currents colliding
surface current colliding with land mass
b) Upwelling - results when two wind-driven surface currents move away
from each other OR when a wind-driven surface current moves away
from a land mass
surface current pushed away from land mass
two surface currents pushed in opposite directions

29. Surface and Deep-Sea Current Interactions
Unifying concept: “Global Ocean Conveyor Belt”

31. The Water Cycle

32. Weather fronts are the boundaries between air masses with different characteristics such as temperature, humidity, and air pressure.
An air mass is a large parcel of air with roughly the same temperature, humidity, or pressure throughout. Different air masses tend not to mix. The clashing of two or more air masses is what causes severe storms. The front is literally the “front end” of an air mass.
Movement of a front will depend largely on the conditions inside the air mass. Air masses tend to be either moist (maritime) or dry (continental) in humidity content. Temperatures are either cold (polar) or warm (tropical). The weather map symbols used for fronts are indicated above.

33. Four Types of Fronts Cold Fronts
 A cold front forms when cold air moves underneath warm air, forcing the warm air to rise. 

34. Cold Front
On Weather Map How can you tell which direction the front it moving from the map?

36. What kind of weather forms at a warm front?
Four Types of Fronts
Warm Fronts
        - A warm front forms when warm air moves over cold air.
What kind of weather forms at a warm front?

37. Warm Front
On Weather Map How can you tell which direction the front it moving from the map?

38. Stationary Fronts    
Where the warm and cool air meet, water vapor in the warm air condenses into rain, snow, fog, or clouds.

39. Occluded Fronts
When a cold air mass and a cool air mass come together, the warm air caught between them is forced upward.

40. Reading Weather Maps

41. Read the Legend!!!

44. Radar http://www.wunderground.com/maps/#?type=Fronts
Local Weather….

45. The TEKS
Know that climatic interactions exist among Earth, ocean, and weather systems.
8.10 (C) identify the role of the oceans in the formation of weather systems such as hurricanes.

47. What Happens On Land?
Landfall After a few hours over land, a hurricane will weaken rapidly. WHY?
Without the moisture and heat sources provided by the ocean, the storm can no longer produce thunderstorms near the eye. Without this convection, the storm's energy dissipates.

48. Recommended Resources…
Edheads – Reading a Weather Map Tutorial & Interactive Game
Current Weather Maps – (different maps for temp, pressure, moisture, etc)
Weather - Easy Interactive Barometer
Air Force Association that Flies Into Hurricanes to Collect Data!
Short video clip about their mission
NOAA – Education Resources
Bill Nye – Storms

49. Other Files You Might Like…
Edusmart
BrainPop – Weather
Unit Organizer
Bill Nye – Storms – check out the clearest, most fun explanation of El Nino ever!! (also has Winds, Atmosphere,etc)
Evaporation & Condensation Lab
STEMscopes
Texas STAAR Coach