1. Powers and privileges guaranteed to individuals by government.
Civil Rights
Powers and privileges guaranteed to individuals by government.

2. From Civil Liberties to Civil Rights
Requires pro-active protections
Not specifically in the constitution
Mass action– NOT JUST the 60s “Civil rights era”

3. Civil Liberties vs Civil Rights
Civil Liberties—constraints upon the power of government vis-a-vis its citizens.
Civil Rights—powers and privileges guaranteed to individuals by government.

4. Civil Rights
Civil Rights are not specifically stated in the Constitution (implied by XIV Amendment)
Civil Rights require the government to be proactive
Civil Rights have been won through mass political actions and not only during the 1960s “Civil Rights” Era.

5. The Struggle for Racial Equality
 1857 Dred Scott (Dred Scott v. Sanford)
 Civil War ( )
 Constitutional Amendments
XIII Abolish Slavery
XIV Equal Protection and Due Process
XV Right to Vote for Black Men

6. XIV Amendment
 “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

7. Separate But Equal “Jim Crow” Laws: Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Discriminatory laws designed to segregate blacks and whites to keep blacks in a socially inferior situation.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

8. Separate But Equal Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Concluded that ”Separate But Equal” is constitutional because it meets equality requirement. The court decision sanctioned segregation of blacks and whites.

9. The Civil Rights Movement
Northern Migration
 NAACP (1909)
W.E.B. DuBois (founder)
WWII and the Cold War

10. The Civil Rights Movement
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
“…in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate education facilities are inherently unequal.”
De jure vs. de facto equality

11. Famous Civil Rights Actions
Rosa Parks (1955)
Emmett Till (1955)
Greensboro Lunch Counter (1960)
Medgar Evers (1963)
“I Have a Dream” (1963)
 Freedom Summer (1964)
 The Civil Rights Act (1964)

12. Civil Rights Act 1964 Equal Voting Rights (Voting Rights Act 1965)
Prohibits Segregation
Bans Discrimination
Establishes E.E.O.C.

13. Voting Rights Act 1965 Federal Oversight of Equal Voting Rights
No voting standards, practices or procedures to deny citizens on account of race or color
Courts apply “strict scrutiny” on civil rights discrimination cases placing the burden on the government to show that an action is constitutional

14. The Struggle for Gender Equality
Early Women’s Movement (mid 1800s)
American Woman Suffrage Association
National Woman Suffrage Association
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
19th Amendment (1920)

15. The Struggle for Gender Equality
Early Women’s Movement (mid 1800s)
American Woman Suffrage Association
National Woman Suffrage Association
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
19th Amendment (1920)

16. The Feminine Mystique

17. Modern Women’s Movement
Equal Rights Amendment (1972)
Congress started the process of amending the Constitution by passing the ERA in 1972, but it still needed to be ratified by 38 states to become part of the Constitution. If fell three states short and failed in 1982.

18. End to Exclusivity
Title IX Franklin v. Gwinnett Co. Public Schools Citadel and Virginia Military Academy Augusta Country Club Lilly Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber (2007)

19. Gender Discrimination
Intermediate scrutiny
In gender discrimination cases places the burden on both the challenger and the government to demonstrate constitutionality

20. Other Groups American Indians Hispanic / Latino/ Latina
Asian Americans
Aged
People with Disabilities
Gays and lesbians

21. How far have we come? Affirmative Action
Government policies to address past grievances that contribute to contemporary inequalities

22. How far have we come? U.C. Davis v. Bakke Compelling need No quotas
No separate application process

23. How far have we come?
In what ways are Americans equal or unequal? What groups have made claims for equal rights? What is the government’s proper role in guaranteeing equality?