1. Italian Unification Story of three men
Giuseppe Mazzini—publicist “The Heart”
Camillo Cavour—stateman “The Head”
Giuseppe Garibaldi—soldier “The Sword”
Until 1850 Italy was dominated by outsiders
Austrian Empire and Pope led opposition
Many different visions of a united Italy
Many were apathetic to idea
Mazzini: centralized dem-rep based on univ. male suffr. and will of the people
Gioberti: Cath priest.—federation of existing states under presidency of a progressive pope
Sardinia-Piedmont (autocratic kingdom) ala Germans and Prussia

2. Nationalism Influenced by French Revolution
Giuseppe Mazzini—prophet of Italian Nationalism
Formed new group called Young Italy
Campaigns for national Italian dialect

3. Unifying Unification comes by military and diplomatic means
Primarily under the leadership of the one state in Italy under Italian control, the Kingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont

5. Count Camillo Cavour
Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia under King Victor Emmanuel II
Build Sardinia/Piedmont into modern economically sound state
Clear objectives for Sardinia- Politics of reality
Northern Italy under Sardinia’s control
Not interested in Southern Italy
Too different-poor and agrarian
Establish kingdom as a serious European power
Fights in Crimean war
Negotiates French support in war with Austria

6. Creation of a Unified Northern Italy
Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna revolt and vote to join Piedmont.
By 1869, Italy consists of three region, a northern Italian Kingdom, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

8. Giuseppe Garibaldi Leader of a guerilla movement
Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts)
Venture south into Sicily to bring about revolution
Quickly overthrow the corrupt government of the Two Sicilies
Cavour now invades the south and “takes” (or is it “unites”?) the prize from Garibaldi.

9. Unification All of Italy except Rome and Venetia are united.
Leadership under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia
Venetia will be added in 1866
Rome seized in 1870.

10. Problems after Unification
Italy—poor w/ large illiterate population
Division between church and state
Economic divisions between the North and South
Localism too strong in many areas
Development of local strongmen
Little knowledge of and participation in gov’t

11. Nationalism: Italian and German Unification
Emergence of realpolitik:
After 1850 “age of realism” replaced Romanticism as dominant philosophy
A political representation of realism is the notion of realpolitik: accomplishing one’s political goals via practical means (as opposed to idealism driving political decisions).

12. German Unification
The question of German unification would center around the two dominate German speaking countries of the period—Prussia and Austria
After 1848, Prussia was the increasingly dominant power.

13. Otto von Bismarck
Comes to dominate Prussian, then German politics from
Prussian Chancellor from 1862
One of most remarkable leaders of 19th century
Came from Junker class (noble landlord) in East Prussia
Practiced realpolitik: practical, pragmatic; by any means necessary
Conservative, but willing to work with others
Willing to use force to unify Germany, strengthen Prussia

14. Early Steps to Unification
Existing Piece
Frankfurt Assembly—Assembly of all German states to exchange ideas

15. Wars of Unification
War with Denmark (1864)
War with Austria (1866)

16. Franco-Prussian War
In many ways can be viewed as the first shots of World War I.
Napoleon III realizes after Prussian victories in Denmark and Austria that he must prevent German unification.
Bismarck’s goal was to complete unification by bringing into union the Catholic South German states.

17. War France is ill-prepared for conflict War was over in 6 months
Technologically backward compared to Prussia
War was over in 6 months
The states of Southern Germany joined the Northern German Confederation against France.

18. Peace Terms France forced to pay a humiliating price for defeat
5 billion franc reparations
Alsace and Lorraine turned over to Germany
Important industrial region of France
Northern France occupied for three years
Plants the seeds for future year
French will vow revenge for embarrassment

20. Creation of a German Empire
Bismarck and William I proclaim a German Empire at Versailles.
Another insult to France
German Princes remained heads of their respective states within the Empire.

21. Impact
Fact and manner of German unification produced long term effects on Europe
New German Empire far stronger than Prussia alone
Militarily, economically it is strongest nation in Europe
Major impact on Balance of Power
France and Austria weakened
Simmering French hatred

22. Germany
1888: William II (defender of divine right) became king and Bismarck remained the chancellor, until he was dismissed by William.
William II did the following:
Built up a strong army & navy
Encouraged industry & commerce
Encouraged imperialism and annexation