1. Napoleon

2. History of Napoleon
Napoleon Bonapart was born in Corsica, a French-ruled island in the Mediterranean. His family were minor nobles but had little money.
At age 9, he was sent to France to be trained for a military career. When the revolution broke out, he was an ambitious 20-year-old lieutenant, eager to make a name for himself.
Napoleon rose quickly in the army and led them to several dazzling victories. Napoleon eventually gained enough power to assume the title emperor of the French.

3. Legacy of Napoleon
Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination. Much of Europe seen Napoleon as a foreign oppressor therefore they revolted against his authority.
Napoleonic Code: Codified or systemically arranged French laws. His laws ensured equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and advancement based on merit. These laws reflected some of the ideals of the enlightenment and the French revolution.
Awakened feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism
Napoleon was a European ruler who conquered most of Europe resulting in the Congress of Vienna.

4. Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was held in 1814 with Austrian chief minister Prince Klemens von Metternich serving as host.
The goal of the Congress of Vienna was to “turn back the clock” or restore Europe to the way it was before the French Revolution and before the Napoleonic conquests.
Looking back over the legacies of the Congress of Vienna it is clear that the goals were at least temporarily met. However, the new feelings of nationalism that were part of Napoleon’s legacy and the new political philosophy of liberalism would prove to be powerful forces in the years to come.

5. The Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic conquests.
Balance of power” doctrine- tried to keep any one nation from becoming too powerful. This successful diplomatic effort prevented major wars in Europe for most of the century.
Restoration of monarchies:
For example Louis XVIII of the Bourbon Dynasty to France (Louis XVI’s brother) was restored as the monarch.
Royal Dynasties were reestablished in Portugal, Spain, Naples, Sardinia, and Sicily.

6. Legacy of the Congress of Vienna
“New political philosophies:
Liberalism- Political philosophy that emphasizes freedom of the individual with a representative government that protects individual and civil rights.
Conservatism- political philosophy that emphasizes the preserving of traditions and established institutions.

7. Legacy of the Congress of Vienna
New political map of Europe
Reduced the size of France to its pre-Revolution boundaries.
Netherlands was united under Dutch ruler.
German Confederation formed from 39 independent German states.

8. Nationalism
The rise of nationalism was a powerful force behind European politics during the nineteenth century.
National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism
The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe. Unsuccessful revolutions in 1848 increased nationalistic tensions.
In contrast to continental Europe, Great Britain expanded political rights through legislative means and made slavery illegal in the British Empire.

9. Unification of Italy Count Cavour unified Northern Italy.
Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy
The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy

10. Unification of Germany
Otto von Bismark led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings.
Bismark’s actions were seen as an example of Realpolitik, which justifies all means to achieve and hold power.
The Franco-Prussian War led to the creation of the German state.