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Nationalism, Realpolitik, and Realism
SECONDARY - Hinsley - The Decline of Political Liberalism SECONDARY - Holborn - German Unification Nationalism, Realpolitik, and Realism KEY CONCEPT 3.3 The problems of industrialization provoked a range of ideological, governmental, and collective responses. KEY CONCEPT 3.4 European states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutions.
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Industrialization in Continental Europe 665-672
Spread of Radical Ideas Introduction Importance of Nationalism unifications of Italy and Germany defragmenting of Austria-Hungary, Russia, Ottomans Politics of Realpolitik Napoleon III Cavour Bismarck Realists and Social Realities *J. G. Fichte *Grimm Brothers *Giuseppe Mazzini *Pan-Slavists
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Napoleon III in France 750-752
Napoleon III, Establishment of the Second Empire
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Napoleon III in France 750-752
Napoleon III, Economic Progress railroad construction government support of industrialization free-trade legal trade unions public housing
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Napoleon III in France 750-752
Napoleon III, Rebuilding Paris Baron Haussmann
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Napoleon III in France 750-752
Napoleon III, Quest for Glory anti-Concert of Europe Italy, Mexico, colonies
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Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire 759-765
Crimean War, Causes Jerusalem Nicholas I Mediterranean Balkans balance of power / geopolitics War Sevastopol Alexander II Consequences weakens Congress system unresolved tensions Russo-Austrian alliance broken (Napoleon III’s goal) Austria diplomatically isolated Piedmont-Sardinia strengthened Alexander II initiates reforms Florence Nightingale
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Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire 759-765
Russia: Reaction and Reform Tsarist Russia in the 1850’s Autocracy Alexander II, aristocracy / serfs / non-middle class Alexander’s Reforms Emancipation Edict, 1861 zemstvos Alexander’s Death “nihilists” “The People’s Will”
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Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Unification of Italy Situation in 1850 failures: Carbonari Mazzini Young Italy obstacles: Austria – Lombardy / Venetia Bourbons – Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Pope Pius IX Piedmont leadership: Victor Emmanuel II Count Camillo di Cavour
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Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Unification of Italy Cavour and the Practice of Realpolitik Franco-Piedmont Alliance Napoleon III War with Austria, 1859 1861 1859 1860
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Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Unification of Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Red Shirts Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Victor Emmanuel II
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Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Persistent Problems Unification, 1861 Venetia Pope Pius IX regionalism debt *(don’t neglect Italy AFTER unification)
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KEY CONCEPT 3.1 Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
The Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the continent, where the state played a greater role in promoting industry. Unification of Germany Situation in 1860 obstacles: German Confederation French foreign policy Prussia’s growing strength population increase Zollverein *Friedrich List’s National System
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Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Otto von Bismarck – Speech Before the Reichstag New Otto von Bismarck, Master of Realpolitik, Wilhelm I “Blood and Iron” “Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided—that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849—but by iron and blood.”
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Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
War with Denmark, 1864 Schleswig and Holstein *(focus on consequences, not details of the wars)
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Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
War with Austria, 1866 Schleswig and Holstein Seven Weeks’ War dissolution of the German Confederation North German Confederation Italy annexes Venetia
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Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
War with France, 1870 Ems Dispatch Kaiser Wilhelm I, 1/18/1871 Alsace and Lorraine balance of power
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Nation Building in Italy and Germany 752-758
Making Comparisons: Cavour and Bismarck similarities: realpolitik opportunists differences: strength of military strength of economy
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The Responsive National State, 1871-1914 766-773
Austrian Empire Defeat and Discontent War with Piedmont/France Seven Weeks’ War nationalism Dual Monarchy Magyars Continued Slavic Discontent Balkans
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The Responsive National State, 1871-1914 766-773
Great Britain: Prosperity and Reform “Workshop of the World” Reform Bill of 1867 Benjamin Disraeli Conservatives (Tories)
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KEY CONCEPT 3.6 Science and Thought 741-745
European ideas and culture expressed a tension between objectivity and scientific realism on one hand, and subjectivity and individual expression on the other. Realism in Literature and Art Key Characteristics rejection of Romanticism “heroism of modern life”
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Science and Thought Leading Realist Authors Charles Dickens – Hard Times Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary Henrik Ibsen – A Doll’s House *Honoré de Balzac *George Eliot *Thomas Hardy *Fyodor Dostoevsky *Leo Tolstoy *Émile Zola
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Science and Thought Leading Realist Artists Gustave Courbet
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Science and Thought Leading Realist Artists Honore Daumier
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Science and Thought Leading Realist Artists Jean-Francois Millet
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