1. An Age of Modernity Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894 - 1914
Chapter 24
An Age of Modernity Anxiety, and Imperialism,

2. The Eiffel Tower at the World’s Fair of 1900 in Paris.

3. Toward the Modern Consciousness: Developments in the Sciences
Science offers certainty
Thought science would give complete understanding of the world and accurate picture of reality
Marie Curie ( ) and Pierre Curie ( )
Radiation
Atoms
Max Planck ( )
Energy radiated discontinuously
Albert Einstein ( )
Theory of relativity
Four dimensional space-time continuum
Energy of the atom

4. Marie Curie.
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland, but studied at the University of Paris, where she received degrees in both physics and mathematics. She was the first woman to win two Nobel Prizes, one in 1903 in physics and another in 1911 in chemistry. She is shown here in her Paris laboratory in She died of leukemia, a result of her laboratory work with radioactivity.
p. 739

5. Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational
Friedrich Nietzsche ( )
Glorifies the irrational (raw emotions, passions, primal instincts). Claimed that Western Civilization had been corrupted by TWO things:
Democracy which allowed for the voices of mentally feeble masses to dictate a social norm of mediocrity and false values as to achieve some sense of universal security and rational.
Christianity which caused the “slave morality” as people are lead like sheep as they looked towards some contrived notion of an afterlife. This was so that people would control their passions and instincts.
Both of these crush the human will. The answer was simple. First, people must recognize that “God is dead.” Man created him long ago, European society killed him, and thus no longer the need to believe or follow religious institutions.

6. Nietzsche continued
Second, in his work Beyond Good and Evil, he spoke of a “Urberman” (superman) who was a culture creative spirit that would save mankind from the chains of rationality.
He has the “will to power,” (he can draw on raw passion, be driven by primal instincts, has a sense of pride and assertiveness, etc.) His genius lifts him above any sense of common utility of mankind. This superman creates his own values for himself and mankind will reap the benefits from it. He can be a statesman, artist, philosopher, etc.
These were men like Alexander the Great, Caesar, Leonardo da Vinci, Mozart, Beethoven, etc.

8. Sigmund Freud & Irrationalism
Sigmund Freud ( ) The father of Psychoanalysis
The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900
Dreams are essentially a way for the unconscious mind to deal with unsettling conscious events—they get repressed into the unconscious. Dreams can be understood in terms of their symbolism to issues we are struggling with. If you are unable to do this, then you will experience severe anxiety and possibly mental illness. Naturally, Freud would suggest psychoanalysis to bring those issues to the surface, so you could deal with them. He used hypnosis and regression to get you talking. Once these issues were brought to light—resolution.

9. Freud continued The Ego and the Id 1923
According to Freud, your head is a battleground for conflicting forces.
The id (amygdala) is the center of unconscious drives (irrational thought, aggression, emotions, lust, love, etc.) Pleasure center.
The ego (frontal cortex) is the brains CEO of reason. Reality center. It mediates between the forces of id and superego.
The superego is the external source of moral values super imposed on people by society, religion, school, and parents.
Current studies show fluctuations in hormones in teen boys (testosterone) and teen girls (estrogen) impact the…..

10. Freud concluded Conflicts with parents
Boys experience the Oedipus Complex and girls the Electra Complex.
Essentially, young men are often attached to their moms as their female figure. As he enters puberty, the female becomes a figure of sexual desire, thus he pulls away from his mother as she can’t be that figure. To resolve this issue, he seeks a out girlfriend to become the figure of his sexual desires. In addition, he has conflict with his father as he asserts his maleness. The young woman does the same with her father figure and has conflict with the mother.
According to Feud, if we are unable to detach form the one parent and have some conflict with the other we will repress our desires and experience inner turmoil. Furthermore, we wont develop “normal” relationships with opposite sex.

11. Sigmund Freud.
Freud was one of the intellectual giants of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Born in Moravia, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna in After entering private practice, he began to study patients suffering from psychosomatic symptoms. This led him to his belief that unconscious forces strongly determine human behavior. This idea formed the foundation for twentieth-century psychoanalysis.
p. 740

12. The Impact of Darwinism: Social Darwinism and Racism
Social Darwinism Darwin’s ideas applied to societal order. Both “survival of the fittest” and Lamarck’s “acquired traits.” Societies are organisms that evolve.
Radical Applications
Class and Gender discrimination
Herbert Spencer (American) “Individuals who are fit will compete in society will live and those who are not will die—that is as it should be.”
Nationalism
Heinrich von Treitschke (German) “The stronger nation must conquer the weaker.”
Friedrich von Bernhardi (German) “War is the father of all things.”
Racism
Houston Stewart Chamberlain (English) “Aryan race is original founder of Western Civilization.”
Rudyard Kipling (English) “White Man’s Burden” (poem)

13. The Attack on Christianity
Political movements of the late 19th century hostile to Christian churches
Controls over church courts, religious orders, and appointments
Ernst Renan
Life of Jesus looked at not as the son of God, but a human being with values for life.
Catholic Church
Pope Pius IX
Syllabus of Errors 1907 in which condemned modernism---nationalism, socialism, liberalism, religious toleration, and freedoms of speech and press.

14. Culture of Modernity: Literature
Émile Zola ( ) Rougon-Macquart
Naturalism (Post-Realism) but pessimistic about change. Characters caught in grip of forces beyond their control environment, addictions, heredity. (influenced by Darwin).
Leo Tolstoy ( ) War and Peace
Vivid landscape descriptions and each character is analyzed in depth. Although he viewed history rather fatalistically, enduring human values of love and trust overcome all odds.
Symbolists
Poets such as W. B. Yeats, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Arthur Rimbaud
Objective knowledge of the world was impossible
Art should function for its own sake

15. Modernism in the Arts Impressionism Post-Impressionism
Paint what you observe and feel as not to lose the first impression (objective realism)
Camille Pissarro ( )
Claud Monet ( )
Berthe Morisot ( )
Post-Impressionism
Light and color with structure and form (subjective realism)
Paul Cezanne ( )
Vincent van Gogh ( )
Impact of photography on art
Paint forms as you think of them not as you see them
Cubism: Pablo Picasso ( )
Abstract Expressionism: Vasily Kandinsky ( )
Expressionism in music (nationalistic spirit)
Edvard Grieg
Claude Debussy
Igor Stravinsky ( )
Sergei Diaghilev ( )

17. Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise.
Impressionists rejected ‘‘rules and principles’’ and sought to paint what they observed and felt in order ‘‘not to lose the first impression.’’ Monet entered this painting, Impression, Sunrise, in the first Impressionist show in He sought to capture his impression of the fleeting moments of sunrise through the simple interplay of light, water, and atmosphere.
p. 745

18. Berthe Morisot, Young Girl by the Window.
Berthe Morisot came from a wealthy French family that settled in Paris when she was seven. The first female painter to join the Impressionists, she developed her own unique Impressionist style. Her gentle colors and strong use of pastels are especially evident in Young Girl by the Window, painted in Many of her paintings focus on women and domestic scenes.
p. 746

19. Paul Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire.
Post-Impressionists sought above all to express their inner feelings and capture on canvas their own vision of reality. In Mont Sainte-Victoire, depicting a mountain near his home that he painted more than sixty times, Cezanne challenged traditional landscape painting by eliminating a single perspective and replacing it with subtle color that created the form of the mountain.
p. 746

20. Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night.
The Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh was a major figure among the Post-Impressionists. His originality and power of expression made a strong impact on his artistic successors. In The Starry Night, painted in 1889, van Gogh’s subjective vision was given full play as the dynamic swirling forms of the heavens above overwhelm the village below. The heavens seem alive with a mysterious spiritual force. Van Gogh painted this work in an asylum one year before he committed suicide.
p. 747

21. Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon.
Pablo Picasso, a major pioneer of modern art, experimented with a remarkable variety of styles. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907) was the first great example of Cubism, which one art historian has called ‘‘the first style of [the twentieth] century to break radically with the past.’’ Geometric shapes replace traditional forms, forcing the viewer to recreate reality in his or her own mind. Picasso said of this painting, ‘‘I paint forms as I think them, not as I see them.’’ The head at the upper right of the painting reflects Picasso’s attraction to aspects of African art, as is evident from the Congo mask included at the left.
p. 748

22. Wassily Kandinsky, Square with White Border.
One of the originators of abstract painting was the Russian Wassily Kandinsky, who sought to eliminate representation altogether by focusing on color and avoiding any resemblance to visual reality. In Square with White Border, Kandinsky used color ‘‘to send light into the darkness of men’s hearts.’’ He believed that color, like music, could fulfill a spiritual goal of appealing directly to the human senses.
p. 748

23. Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties
The Movement for Women’s Rights: Demands of Women (suffragists)
Millicent Fawcett ( )
Moderates. Letters and petitions to Parliament
Emmeline Pankhurst ( )
Radical. Women’s Social and Political Union, Focused on publicity. Egging members of Parliament, smashing windows, burning rail cars, cutting telephone lines, hunger strikes, etc.
Emily Davison
Sacrifice for the cause (ran out in front of the King’s horse and was trampled to death).
Bertha von Suttner ( )
Peace movement which protested the growing arms race in Europe.
Lay Down Your Arms (Best Seller)
Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905

24. Images of Everyday Life: The Struggle for the Right to Vote.
p. 751

25. Images of Everyday Life: The Struggle for the Right to Vote.
p. 751

26. Images of Everyday Life: The Struggle for the Right to Vote.
p. 751

27. Jews within the European Nation-State
Anti-Semitism
Actions against Jews
Many emigrate
Theodor Herzl ( )
The Jewish State, 1896
Zionism

28. Palestine.
p. 753

29. The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain
Working class demands
Caused Liberals to move away from ideals
Trade Unions
Advocate “collective ownership” and other controls
Fabian Socialists
Neither Unions nor Fabian Socialists are Marxist
Britain’s Labour Party
David Lloyd George ( )
Abandons laissez-faire
Backs social reform measures
National Insurance Act, 1911
Beginnings of the welfare state

30. Transformation of Liberalism: Italy and France
Giovanni Giolitti
France
Dreyfus affair
Third Republic
Anti-republican

31. Growing Tensions in Germany
William II ( )
Military and industrial power
Conflict of tradition and modernization
Strong nationalists
Austria-Hungary
Universal male suffrage in 1907
Social Democrats
Emperor Francis Joseph
Count Istva`n Tisza

32. Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia
By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steel
Development of working class
Development of socialist parties
Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898
Russo-Japanese War,
General strike, October 1905
Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, Duma
Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907 

33. Nicholas II.
The last tsar of Russia hoped to preserve the traditional autocratic ways of his predecessors. In this photograph, Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra, are shown around 1907 with their four daughters and son on holiday on the deck of a ship.
p. 756

34. Chronology, p. 758

35. The New Imperialism Causes of the New Imperialism
Political competition among European nations (Nationalism abroad)
Economics (raw materials for 2nd I.R.)
Social Darwinism and racism “White Man’s Burden”
Religious humanitarianism? (Christianize the heathens)
The Creation of Empires
Scramble for Africa
Cape Colony
Afrikaners
Great Trek, 1835
Region between Orange Free State and the Vaal River, (Transvaal)
Cecil Rhodes ( )
Diamond and gold companies
Takes the Transvaal
Attempts to overthrow the neighboring Boer Government
Boer War,
Union of South Africa, 1910

36. Soap and the White Man’s Burden.
The concept of the ‘‘white man’s burden’’ included the belief that the superiority of their civilization obligated Europeans to impose their practices on supposedly primitive nonwhites. This advertisement for Pears’ Soap clearly communicates the Europeans’ view of their responsibility toward other peoples.
p. 759

37. The Struggle for South Africa.
p. 762

38. Other Instances of Imperialism
Portuguese
Mozambique
Angola
French
Algeria, 1830
West Africa and Tunis
British in Egypt
Leopold II,
International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa, 1876
Congo
French reaction is to move into territory north of the Congo River
Germany
South West Africa; Cameroons; Togoland; East Africa

39. Chronology, p. 763

40. Imperialism in Asia Japan Southeast Asia Pacific Islands
James Cook to Australia,
British East India Company
Empress of India bestowed on Queen Victoria, 1876
Russian expansion
Siberia
Reach Pacific coast, 1637
Press south into the crumbling Ottoman Empire
Persia and Afghanistan
Korea and Manchuria
British acquisition of Hong Kong
Japan
Matthew Perry opens Japan,
Southeast Asia
British & French control
Pacific Islands
US and the Spanish-American War

41. Map 24.1: Africa in 1914.
The major European powers’ rush to acquire colonies was motivated by a combination of factors: ports and fueling stations for navies, enhancement of international prestige, outlets for nationalist feelings, expression of social Darwinism, and a desire to ‘‘civilize’’ non-Europeans.
Q Of the two countries with the largest amount of territory in Africa, which one’s colonies were more geographically concentrated, and what could be the benefits of this?
Map 24-1, p. 764

42. Map 24.2: Asia in 1914.
Asia became an important arena of international competition in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Beset by economic stagnation and an inability to modernize, a weak China was unable to withstand the demands of the United States, European powers, and a Westernizing Japan. Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and the United States had direct or indirect control of nearly all of Asia by 1914.
Q Why would both Russia and Japan covet Manchuria?
Map 24-2, p. 765

43. Chronology, p. 766

44. Responses to Imperialism
Africa
New class of educated African leaders
Resentment of foreigners
Middle-class Africans
Intellectual hatred of colonial rule
Political parties and movements
China
Boxer Rebellion, , Society of Harmonious Fists
Sun Yat-sen ( )
Fall of the Manchu dynasty, 1912, Republic of China

45. The French in Southeast Asia.
In Saigon, the French created a new city plan with wide streets and constructed cultural and administrative buildings designed by Europeans, such as the Post Office building pictured here. The Post Office was designed by Gustave Eiffel, the architect who built the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Buildings such as the Post Office reflected France’s increasing investment in its colonial holdings during the late nineteenth century.
p. 766

46. Japan and India Japan India Samurai Meiji Mutsuhito, 1867-1912
Meiji Era (Enlightened Government)
Westernization of military and industry
India
British control results in peace and honest government
Extreme poverty
Indian National Congress, 1883 

47. The West and Japan.
In their attempt to modernize, the Japanese absorbed and adopted Western methods. They were also influenced by Western culture as Western fashions became the rage in elite circles. Baseball was even imported from the United States. This painting shows Western-style stone houses in Tokyo and streets filled with people dressed in a variety of styles.
p. 767

48. Japanese Expansion.
p. 768

49. International Rivalry and the Coming of War
New Alliances
Triple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, Italy
Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887
Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890
New Directions and New Crises
Emperor William II and a “place in the sun”
Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894
Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia
Triple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

50. The Balkans in 1878.
p. 769

51. Crisis in the Balkans,
Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908
Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia
First Balkan War, 1912
Balkan League defeats the Ottomans
Second Balkan War, 1913
Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire attacked and defeated Bulgaria
Serbia’s ambitions
London Conference

52. Map 24.3: The Balkans in 1913.
The First Balkan War (1912) liberated most of the region from Ottoman control; the Second Balkan War (1913) increased the size of Greece and Serbia at Bulgaria’s expense. Russia supported the ambitions of fellow Slavs in Serbia, who sought to rule a large Slavic kingdom in the Balkans. Austria and its ally Germany opposed Serbia’s ambitions.
Q Look at the map on p What territories had the Ottomans lost by the end of 1913?
Map 24-3, p. 771

53. Chronology, p. 772

54. Timeline, p. 773

55. Discussion Questions
How does “new view” of science change our thinking about the universe?
What radical changes in our concepts about human behavior as a result of Sigmund Freud’s work?
What was the new racism? How are Darwin’s ideas of natural selection transformed to apply to civilization?
Support or refute: Imperialism was beneficial to the nations that it occurred in.
Why would the European nations worry about the rise of a militaristic Germany?