1. The Hebrews and Judaism
Chapter 7

2. The Early Hebrews
Between 2000 and 1500 BC the Hebrews appeared in Southwest Asia. They developed a culture that became a major influence on later civilizations.
Much of what we know about them comes from archaeology and from written accounts by Jewish scribes.
The Jewish scribes wrote about their history and their religion-Judaism.
These accounts became the Hebrew Bible, which is largely the same as the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

3. The Beginnings in Canaan & Egypt
The Hebrews are traced back to a man named Abraham
According to the Bible, God told him to leave his home in Ur and take his family on a journey to the west.
Abraham left Mesopotamia and settled in Canaan on the Mediterranean Sea.
God had promised to make Abraham’s descendants a mighty nation.

4. To Egypt Some Israelites moved to Egypt, probably due to famine.
They lived well there for a while, but a Pharaoh in Egypt began to worry about the numbers of Hebrews and he made slaves of them .

5. The Exodus
In the 1200s BC, God told Moses – a Hebrew, to lead the Israelites out of Egypt.
A series of terrible plagues struck Egypt because Pharaoh would not let the people go.
After the plague of the Firstborn of Egypt being killed, Pharaoh agreed to free the slaves. This was the Exodus.

7. Throughout history – enslaved people have found hope in this story of how God rescued the slaves out of bondage
Before the Civil War – American slaves sang about Moses to keep their hopes of freedom alive.

8. After the Exodus
For many years after they left Egypt, the Israelites traveled through the desert.
During their journey they reached Mt. Sinai, where God gave Moses the Ten Commandments
Over time – the Ten Commandments shaped
the development of their society

10. The Ten Commandments You shall have no other gods before Me
You shall not bow down & worship any idols
You shall not take the name of the Lord in vain
Remember the Sabbath day & keep it holy
Honor your father & mother
You shall not murder
You shall not commit adultery
You shall not steal
You shall not lie about others
You shall not covet anything that belongs to someone else

11. https://youtu.be/CoFSpoAbXLc

12. The Return to Canaan The Hebrews reached the land of Canaan.
They had to fight the people living there to gain control of the land.
They built their own society
The 12 Israelite tribes lived in small, scattered communities with no central government
Each community selected judges to enforce laws

13. Kings Unite the Israelites
In the mid-1000s BC the Philistines invaded the Israelites’ lands
The Israelites banded together under a single ruler

14. The 3 Kings
Saul, David , and Solomon

15. King Saul
The first King over Israel was Saul, who never won total support of the tribal leaders.
Saul was a famous warrior
Over time, King Saul became disobedient to God

16. King David After Saul died, David the Shepherd became the King.
He was known for killing the Philistine giant- Goliath
David was admired for military skills
Many of the Psalms are attributed to him
David was very loved by the Israelites
He defeated the Philistine & many other enemies
He established the capital Jerusalem

17. King Solomon David’s son Solomon took the throne after David’s death
He was a strong king, who expanded the kingdom and made Egypt & Phoenicia his allies.
Trade with these allies made Israel very rich
He built a great temple to worship God in Jerusalem
It became the center of the Israelites’ religious life and a symbol of their faith.

18. Invaders Conquer and Rule
930 BC, Israel was split into two kingdoms called Israel and Judah (Jews)
In the end – both Israel and Judah were conquered
Assyrians -> defeated Israel
Chaldeans -> defeated Judah –destroyed Solomon’s Temple.

19. The Diaspora
In the 530s BC, the Persians conquered the Chaldeans and let the Jews return to Jerusalem.
Many never took this opportunity and instead moved to other parts of the Persian Empire.
Scholars call the dispersal of the Jews the Diaspora
The rest returned home and rebuilt Solomon’s Temple

20. Independence & Conquest
A Jewish family called the Maccabees led a revolt in the 160s BC
100 years -> Independence
63 BC conquered by The Romans/ Brutal rule/ heavy taxes

21. Women in Israelite Society
Israelite government and society were dominated by men
Woman’s husband was chosen by her father
Bible recognizes many women and their contributions – Esther, Ruth, Deborah, Miriam

22. Jewish belief and texts
Section 2
Jewish belief and texts

23. Belief in One God The Jews are monotheistic – belief in One God
It may be the world’s first monotheistic religion
The Hebrew name for God is YHWH
The belief in one God set them apart from other people in ancient times.

24. Education
Teaching children the basics of Judaism has always been important in Jewish society.
Older boys studied with professional teacher to learn their religion
Education and study are still central to Jewish life.

25. Justice & Righteousness
Justice means kindness & fairness
Be kind to strangers - even those in prison
Give aid ( charity) to the poor, the sick, the orphan
Be fair in business dealings
Righteousness refers to doing what is proper
Behave properly regardless of what others are doing

26. Religious and Moral Law
Moral & Religious laws have guided Jews through their history
The most important are the Ten Commandments
Moses set a whole system of laws to them to obey –> Mosaic Law
Mosaic Law governs daily life-> how to pray, & celebrate holidays, no work on the Sabbath
The Sabbath begins at sundown Friday & ends at nightfall Saturday – the seventh day of the week.
Jewish church is called a synagogue

27. Food!!
The Mosaic laws have rules about what food can and cannot be eaten and how to prepare them.
The Jews cannot eat pork or shellfish.
Meat has to be killed and prepared in a certain way (no blood)
Today – foods that have been prepared correctly are called Kosher

28. Various Sects of Judaism
Orthodox Jews: strictly follow Mosaic Law
Reform Jews: more modern – don’t follow ancient laws
Conservative Jews: Adheres to Torah & Talmud but allows for changes due to the times (United States)

29. What are the main Texts of Judaism?
Hebrew Bible :
Torah: most sacred text of Judaism, 5 books, Mosaic Law
Prophets: 8 books with messages from God through people
Poetry (Psalms - David), Proverbs ( Solomon), stories of history

30. Commentaries
Talmud: commentaries and lessons for everyday life produced between AD 200 – 600
Second only to the Hebrew Bible

31. Dead Sea Scrolls Found in 1947 near the Dead Sea in a cave in old jars
Scholars began to search the area and found more over the years
Written between 100 BC and AD 50
Included prayers, commentaries, letters, and passages from the Hebrew Bible.

32. Jewish Influence in the Western World
Jewish ideas have greatly influenced other cultures, especially in Europe and America (Western World)
Due to Jews living all over Europe & America – they helped shape the largest religion of Western Society -> Christianity
Many Christian teachings reflect Jewish ideas:
Ten Commandments
No work on Sunday
Worship One day a week
Concept of Charity
Taking care of Orphans

33. Judaism over the Centuries
Section 3
Judaism over the Centuries

34. Judaism Over the Centuries
One threat to Judaism was foreign rule.
In the First Century AD – a group called the Zealots refused to obey Roman officials
AD 66 – the Zealots led a revolt against the Romans
It lasted 4 years, the Jews lost, & Jerusalem was in ruins
The Romans destroyed the 2nd Temple of Solomon in AD 70.

35. Masada Most Jews surrendered after the Temple’s destruction
A few held out in a mountain fortress
named Masada
They held out against the Romans for two
years, but in the end the Zealots took their
own lives rather than become Roman slaves.

36. Results of the Revolt
As punishment for the revolt – the Romans killed many Jews
They took many as slaves to Rome
Others spread along the Mediterranean Sea in communities
After another revolt in AD 130, the Jews were banned from Jerusalem

37. Migration & Discrimination
The nature of Judaism changed after the destruction of the Temple
Local synagogues became important with teachers called rabbis
A school, started by a man named Yohanan, trained men to be rabbis and they went out and settled in Jewish communities
Judaism spread as Jews migrated due to discrimination

38. Two Cultural Traditions
As a result of the Diaspora 500BC – AD70, Jewish communities began to develop their own languages, rituals, and cultures around the world.
This led to two main cultural traditions both existing today.

39. Two Main Traditions
Ashkenazim (ahsh-kuh-NAH-zuhm): made up of descendants of Jews who moved to France, Germany, & eastern Europe. Lived in their own communities and speak Yiddish (similar to German but written in Hebrew)
Sephardim (suh-FAHR-duhm). Settled in Spain & Portugal. Speak Ladino (mix of Spanish, Hebrew, & Arabic). They mixed with non-Jewish residents. Borrowed elements from other cultures. Golden age of Jewish Culture Poems, Mathmatics, Astronomy, Medicine, & Philosophy.

40. Traditions & Holy Days Hanukkah: Falls in December
Honors the Rededication of the Second Temple during the revolt of the Maccabees.
A miracle occurred during the first celebration. The Lamp oil, enough for one day, burned for 8 days.
Jews celebrate by lighting candles in a Menorah. Eight branches celebrating 8 days that the oil burned.
They also exchange gifts

41. Traditions & Holy Days Passover: celebrated in March or April
Time for Jews to remember the Exodus.
Celebrate the day with unleavened bread – quick bread
Meal is called Seder (Say-duhr)
Participants talk of the Exodus.

42. High Holy Days: September or October
Rosh Hashanah – The beginning of a new year in the Jewish calendar
Yom Kippur: Jews ask God to forgive their sins – The holiest day of the entire year. Jews don’t eat or drink anything for the entire day. Many ceremonies date back to the days of the Second Temple. Connects them together & to their past.

43. The Hebrews & Judaism Chapter 7 Review
God spoke to Abraham while he was living in Ur which was located in what part of the world?
Mesopotamia
Who are the groups who controlled the Israelites at one point or another in history?
Chaldeans (Babylon), Assyrians, Persians, Greeks,
& Romans

44. 3. A series of plagues struck Egypt convincing Pharaoh to do what?
Let the Israelites go
A Hebrew woman’s father chose her husband – showing that Hebrew women did or did not have full rights?
Did not have full rights
Laws that guided the Hebrews daily lives were
called the ?
Mosaic Laws 

45. On which part of the world did Judaism have its greatest effect?
On Western Civilization (Europe & America)
The Burning of the Second Temple of Solomon in AD 70 put an end to the Jewish revolt against whom?
The Romans
Judaism influenced Islam because the first people to follow Islam believed that they also descended from what person?
Father Abraham

46. Hanukkah is a Jewish Holiday that celebrates what?
The rededication of the Second Temple
Due to moving to different parts of the world – the Jews broke into two distinct groups called?
Ashkenazim & Sephardim
Yom Kippur is the Jews’ most holiest day of the year because it is the day that what happens?
Day of Atonement ( sins are forgiven)

47. Where and when did the Zealot Jews take their own lives by the hundreds?
AD 72 – Two Years after the sacking of Jerusalem & the Second
Temple. They had held out at Masada – a fortress on top of a
mountain as long as they could against the Romans.
Moses wrote the first five & most sacred books of the Old Testament, called what by the Jews?
The Torah

48. Abraham is called the ?
Father of the Jews
15. What moral is taught in the story of Ruth?
Duty & obligation to family
16. What do the Hebrews call their Jewish bible?
The Tanakh

49. 17. Who barricaded themselves at Masada – the Mt. fortress
17. Who barricaded themselves at Masada – the Mt. fortress? The Zealots 18. Yiddish is a language created by who? The Jews who moved into Eastern Europe 19. How many Gods did the Jews worship? One - YHWH

50. 20. Were Jewish women allowed to inherit property – even if they had brothers? No – the eldest son took inherited, then took care of younger 21. Where were the Dead Sea Scrolls found? By whom? A young boy, tending goats, found them in a cave near the Dead Sea

51. 22. Who took the throne of Israel after Saul died. King David 23
22. Who took the throne of Israel after Saul died? King David 23. What was the name of the Jewish family who led a revolt against the Greeks & gained independence for the Jews for a short time in BC The Maccabees

52. 24. What promise did God give to Abraham
24. What promise did God give to Abraham? To lead him to a new land & make his descendants into a mighty nation 25. A set of commentaries & lessons for everyday life – many Jews their importance second only to the Hebrew Bible. The Talmud

53. 26. Holiday time for Jews to remember the Exodus from Egypt Passover 27. A code of moral laws written on two stone tablets. Ten Commandments

54. 28. Written 2000 years ago by Jews to explain ancient Jewish beliefs Dead Sea Scrolls 29. Rebellious (Patriotic) Jews who led many revolts through the years, who didn’t believe they should answer to anyone but God. Zealots 30. The scattering of Jews out of their homeland. Diaspora

55. 31. What are the Jewish High Holy Days
31. What are the Jewish High Holy Days? The two most sacred holidays – Rosh Hashanah & Yom Kippur 32. For what events is Moses famous? Exodus (exiting Egypt) , Ten Commandments 33. Who are the Rabbis? Religious teachers of the Jews