1. BOARD EXAMS IDENTIFY YOUR STRENGTHS MAKE YOUR STRENGTH STRONG
EAT WELL AND SLEEP WELL
REACH WELL BEFORE TIME
USE READING TIME WISELY
NEW ANSWER NEW PAGE

2. 4/6 figure grid reference
scale
Direction and distance
Areas
Height
Contour
Interpretation
TOPO SHEETS

3. Value increases towards east Value increases towards north
Eastings
Northings
Vertical Lines
Horizontal Lines
North to South
East to West
Numbered 00 to 99
Placed 2 cm (1 km) apart
Value increases towards east
Value increases towards north

4. EASTINGS
NORTHINGS

5. REMEMBER L

6. x y 6 figure reference of G is x = a / 2 y = b / 2
Truncate the decimals
If a = 13 mm; b = 11 mm
6 figure grid reference is
256775 25 77 78 26 2 5 x 7 y
20 mm G a b
3.5
BECOMES 3

7. Use toposheet 45 D/7, Easting 76 to 87, Northing 73 to 85
Find the six figure grid reference of 
Post Office in the NorthEast
Temple north of Godh
∆169
Tomb near Vaghrol
∆317
Answers
844806
781833
780778
846764
793755

8. Scale Scale is a RATIO Can be expressed as
Distance between two places on map (a)
Distance between the same two places on ground (b)
Can be expressed as
Statement (2 cm = 1 km OR 2 cm to 1 km)
Representative Fraction (1:50000)
Linear Scale

9. Statement to R.F. Scale = 2cm / 1 km OR 2 cm / 1 X 1000 X 100 cm OR
If a = 2 cm; b = 1 km
Scale = 2cm / 1 km OR
2 cm / 1 X 1000 X 100 cm OR
1 cm / cm OR
1 : 50000

10. FINDING DIRECT DISTANCE
Measure the distance between the centre of the two places in cm
Convert distance in km (or metres)
(Use the scale, i.e.; 2cm = 1 km)
Round off to nearest 0.25 km (250 metres)

11. FINDING INDIRECT DISTANCE
Place a string along the path between the centre of the two places
Measure the length of the string in cm
Convert distance in km (or metres)
(Use the scale, i.e.; 2cm = 1 km)
Round off to nearest 0.25 km (250 metres)

12. Direction E A G
From ‘O’ to ____ OR
Of __ from ‘O’ o D C F B

13. E A G o D C F B

14. Normal direction and Forward Bearing
0 °
315 °
45 °
270 °
90 °
225 °
135 °
180 °

15. Finding Areas
REMEMBER
Every grid is
1 km X 1 km
=1 sq km

16. Visual method 90 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 89 88 87 86 85 84

17. Correct solution Area enclosed by full grid squares (f)
Area enclosed = f X 1
Area enclosed by half grid squares (h)
Area enclosed = h X ½
Area enclosed by more than half grid squares (m)
Area enclosed = m X 2/3
Area enclosed by less than half grid squares (l)
Area enclosed = l X 1/3

18. TOTAL AREA
Total area
f X 1 +
h X ½
m X 2/3
l X 1/3

19. Correct solution - Visual method90 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 89 l m h 88 f 87 86 85 84

20. TOTAL AREA Total Area = 18.34 sq. km Finding the total area
f X 1 = 10 X 1 = 10 sq. km +
h X ½ = 4 X ½ = 2 sq. km +
m X 2/3 = 7 X 2/3 = 4.67 sq. km +
l X 1/3 = 5 X 1/3 = 1.67 sq. km =
Total Area = sq. km

21. To be answered using toposheet 45 D/10, Grid reference 10 to 18, Northing 16 to 28
Find the area of uncultivated land between eastings 14 and 18 and northings 24 and 28.
Answers
11 Sq. Km

22. Height
Triangulated Height
Spot Height
Relative Height

23. Triangulated Height Determined using principles of trigonometry
Accurate
Expressed on maps using a ∆
For example, ∆ 224

24. Prominent Surveyed Tree
Triangulated height written on tree bark
Tree is shown in black colour-
For example

25. Bench Mark Triangulated height written on nearby rock or wall
Shown using BM
For example, BM 403

26. Spot Height Height estimated using the value of adjacent contours
Shown with a dot
For example, .544
560
540
.544

27. Relative Height Height (depth) of a feature relative to surroundings
Shown using r
For example, 20r

28. Example of relative heights
Symbol
Meaning
Relative height of river bank is 7 metres
Relative height of Sand Dune is 11 metres
Relative height of Tank Embankment is 14 metres
22r
Relative Depth of PL Well is 22 metres 7r
11r
14r

29. CONTOURS

30. INDEX CONTOURS

31. FORM LINES
Drawn where it is not possible to draw contours and there is a prominent relief feature which is lesser in height than the contour interval

32. Spacing between contours
Widely spaced contours
Gentle slope
Closely packed contours
Steep slope
Overlapping contours
Vertical slope

34. Uniform Gentle Slope
320
280
300
260
240
220

36. Uniform Steep Slope
260
320
300
180
200
220
240
140
160
280

37. Concave Slope
240
220
320
260
300
280

39. Convex Slope

40. VISUALISATION

41. CONICAL HILL
320
300
280
260

43. ASYMMETRICAL HILL
320
300
280
260

44. CIRCULAR PLATEAU
320
300
280
260

46. RIDGE
320
300
280
260

50. SADDLE
320
300
280
260

52. V SHAPED VALLEY
320
340
300
280
260
240
220
200
180

53. WATERFALL
320
340
300
280
260
240
220
200

58. An Escarpment

59. Type of Drainage Patterns
Radial
Trellised
Dendritic
Disappearing
Combinations of one or more of the above

60. Radial Drainage pattern
Hill in the centre
Streams flow outward in different directions

61. Trellised Drainage Pattern
Streams parallel to each other

62. Dentritic Drainage Pattern
Random arrangement of streams

63. Disappearing stream Stream may disappear in its course due to
Evaporation
Flowing through sandy area
EVIDENCE OF SEASONAL RAIN

64. SETTLEMENT PATTERN

65. Nucleated and Linear

66. Nucleated and Radial

67. Dispersed Settlement Pattern

68. Modes of Transport
Metre Gauge Railway
Metalled Road
Unmetalled Road

69. Modes of Transport
Cart Track
Pack Track
Foot Path

70. What is irrigation? Artificial means of availing water
River is not a mode of irrigation
Required if area receives seasonal rainfall

71. Modes of irrigation (Dry) tank with embankment Dam Canal IN D/10 1822
D/ (UNDER CONSTRUCTION)

72. Modes of irrigation Perennial lined well Perennial Unlined well
Tubewell
Perennial lined well with brackish water
Brackish

73. INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

74. INTERPRETATIONS DRAWN
Occupation
Climate and Vegetation
General Slope
Relief

75. Occupations in 45 D/7 and 45 D/10
Agriculture
Cattle Rearing
Construction
Public Services
Trade
Tourism
Education
Lumbering

76. AGRICULTURE True for all parts of 45 D/7 and 45 D/10 except Abu
Evidences
Yellow Colour (indicating cultivated land)

77. CATTLE REARING True for all parts of 45 D/7 and 45 D/10 except Abu
Supplementary with Agriculture
Provides monthly income
Evidences
Yellow Colour (indicating cultivated land)
Tanks with embankments
Cart Tracks

78. CONSTRUCTION Evidences Lime Kiln Brick Kiln Stone Quarry
Metalled Road under construction
Canal under construction

79. PUBLIC SERVICES True of larger villages and the town of Abu Evidences
Post Office
Police Station
Dak Bungalow
Inspection Bungalow
Dispensary, etc.

80. TRADE True for larger settlements Evidences
Nucleated and radial settlement pattern

81. TOURISM True for the town of Abu Evidences Hill Station Nakki Talao
Delwara Temple
Sun Set Point
Anadra Point
Palanpur Palace
Jai Vilas Palace

82. EDUCATION True for the town of Abu Evidences St. Mary’s High School
Sophia High School

83. LUMBERING True for small dispersed settlements Evidences
Settlement near of within forest

84. CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

85. CLIMATE IN 45 D/7 AND 45 D/10 Tropical Monsoon type of climate SEASON
MONTHS
CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMER
March to May
Hot and Dry (45 °C)
RAINY SEASON
June to September
Scanty Rainfall (50 cm)
WINTER
December to February
Cool and Dry (0 °C)

86. Evidences of Seasonal Rainfall
Dry (seasonal) streams
Dry Tanks
Broken Ground
Open scrub
Wells

87. POSSIBLE VEGETATION Tropical Deciduous Trees Desert Vegetation Neem
Banyan
Peepal
Desert Vegetation
Acacia (Babool)
Cactus
Date Palms

88. MEANING OF GENERAL SLOPE
Direction towards which the terrain is inclined
Can be determined by finding the direction in which the river system flows

89. FINDING DIRECTION OF RIVER FLOW
Arrow in the river bed
Direction in which water will flow
Angle at which tributaries meet
Tributaries follow the main river
Tributaries meet at an acute angle
Direction in which river widens

90. D/7 GENERAL SLOPE D/10 South West West Sipu- South West
Hills in South East
D/10
South
South South West
West
-Sipu-NE to West
- Sukli- South to North West
North West
Hills in North East

91. TYPES OF RELIEF High relief Low Relief Hilly terrain Range of heights
Flat plain
Lower heights in a small range

92. NATURE OF HILLS / MOUNTAINS
Location
Area occupied
Average height
Highest and lowest point
Alignment / Trend of hill ranges

93. NATURE OF RIVERS Direction of flow Presence of sediment Width
Presence of water
Flowing through broken ground
Tributary or main river

94. CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS

95. Water bodies Perennial Stream Dry river with sediment
Dry river with sediment and perennial channel

96. Water bodies Spring Dry / seasonal stream Perennial Lake
Dry / Seasonal Tank

97. (Dry) tank with embankment, Natural/Man-made
Modes of irrigation
(Dry) tank with embankment, Natural/Man-made
Dam
Canal

98. Modes of irrigation Perennial lined well Perennial Unlined well
Tubewell
Perennial lined well with brackish water
Brackish

99. Places of Worship
Temple
Tomb / Chhatri

100. Miscellaneous Man Made Features
Telephone Line
Self explanatory
Causeway
Small bridge built to maintain level of road
Fire Line
Clearing made to prevent forest fires from spreading
Piao
Place where drinking water is available

101. METALLED ROAD
NON PERINEAL RIVER/STREAM

102. EVIDENCE OF CONSTRUCTION
Miscellaneous Man Made Features
Lime Kiln
Place where lime is manufactured
EVIDENCE OF CONSTRUCTION
Brick Kiln
Place where bricks are made
Stone Quarry
Stone mine
.Stone quarry

103. BROKEN GROUNDS ALONG WITH SEASONAL RIVER/STREAM

104. Miscellaneous Relief Features
Rock Outcrop
Rock protruding out on the land surface
Sheet Rock
Outcrop of sedimentary rock
Stoney Waste / Gravel Waste
Weathered rock

105. Miscellaneous Relief Features
Road Cutting
Made to pass the road