1. Categorize organisms below:
Dog Cat Cat fish Lion Wolf Apple tree Dandelions Lizard Shark Mouse Deer

2. Taxonomy

3. Taxonomy
Classification and naming of living things

4. 1700’s: Carolus Linnaeus
Grouped organisms in hierarchical categories based on structural similarities.
Devised a 2-part system to give organisms a scientific name.

5. Binomial Nomenclature
2 – part naming system.
1st part: Genus (generic)
2nd part: species (specific)
Written in italics and genus is capitalized.
Example: humans- Homo sapien

6. Modern Linnaean System
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
“King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Good
Soup”

7. Humans Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primata Homindae Homo Sapien

8. Dandelions Eukarya Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Asterales
Asteraceae
Taraxacum
Officinale
Taraxacum officinale

9. 3 Domains
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

10. 6 Kingdoms
Archeabacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

11. Archeabacteria
Prokaryotic cells
Heterotrophic and autotrophic by chemosynthesis

12. Eubacteria
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Heterotrophic and autotrophic by photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

13. Protista
Eukaryotic
Mostly unicellular, few multicellular
Not fungus, plant, or animal
Examples: ameoba, paramecium

15. Fungi
Eukaryotic
Unicellular or Multicellular
Heterotrophs that absorb rather than ingest
Examples: mushrooms, mildews, mold

16. Plantae
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Photosynthetic
Develop from embryos
Example: mosses, ferns, flowering plants

17. Animalia
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
Develop from embryos
Examples: birds, mammals, reptiles

18. Dichotomous Key
Used to classify and identify organisms based on observable characteristics, such as structure and behavior.
Lists specific characteristics in opposing pairs.

19. Phylogenic Tree
represents the hypotheses of the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms.

20. Cladogram
a phylogenic tree that compares shared and derived characteristics.
Shared characteristic: feature that all members of a group have.
Derived characteristic: feature that evolved only with the specific group.

21. A. What characteristics does a cladogram compare?
Homologous structures
Embryological features
Molecular similarities

22. B. What do cladograms assume?
That organisms that share derived characteristics, inherited them from a common ancestor.

23. C. What do cladograms show?
Which organisms shared a more recent common ancestor, NOT “who evolved from whom”

24. D. Do cladograms show definitive, proven evolutionary relationships?
No, it shows a hypothesis and can be modified as discoveries are made.

25. How to read a cladogram:
Outgroup: first group; does not share any features with the rest of the groups.
Nodes: represent a common ancestor.
Branches: trace new derived characteristics.