1. THE PROTOZOA UNICELLULAR - EUCARYOTIC MICROORGANISMS
FOUND IN THE KINGDOM PROTISTA
NO COMMON BASIC STRUCTURE, SIZE OR SHAPE
SIZE VARIES GREATLY - 2 TO 5,000 MICROMETERS
DISTRIBUTION
FREE LIVING FORMS

2. I. Protozoan Characteristics (65,000, 12 are extinct)
Environment Found In
Ocean
Zooplankton (primary energy source in aquatic eco.)
Vegetation
Rivers
Ponds
Soil
Bodies of other organisms
Found: in cells, tissue and blood stream of Host
Cause: malaria, amebic dysentery, giardiasis

3. Ingest small molecules or cells
B. Heterotrophic
Ingest small molecules or cells
a. Food Vacuoles - break food down

4. a. Conjugation -, exchange genetic material
C. Reproduction
1. Asexual ,
a. Binary Fission -2 identical individuals
b. Multiple Fission - more than 2 indenticals indo
2. Sexual
a. Conjugation -, exchange genetic material

5. Reproduction

6. D. Classification - according to how they move or not
1. FivePhyla/Plus Euglenophyta
Sarodina , move by psuedopods (false feet)
Ciliophora - move by cilia (eyelash like)
Zoomastigina - move by flagella (whiplike)
Sporozoa - none motile
Euglenophyta - flagella (both plant/animal

8. Adaptations- for monitoring envirionment Eyespot-
Detect quantity and quality of light
Cyst- (means sac in Greek)
Crate hardened covering (Lack of food, H2O, O2)
Metabolic activity stops
Important for Protozoans between hosts
Conditions Good- Protozoan emerges, resumes metabolic activity

9. First Prokaryotes: 3.5 bya First Eukaryotic: 1.5 bya
Evolution:
First Prokaryotes: 3.5 bya
First Eukaryotic: 1.5 bya
a. Endosymbiosis: one prokaryote lives inside another until both become dependent on each other (first eukaryotes)

10. II. Phylum Sarcodina- 40,000 Species are Amoebas
Environment
fresh/salt water
Soil
a. Pelomyxa carlinensis (mud, rock, slow moving streams, ponds)

11. Psuedopodia- movement/feeding
Structures
Psuedopodia- movement/feeding
Endoplasm- inner cytoplasm (thin consistency)
Ectoplasm- outer cytoplasm (thick consistency) (Fig. 26-4)
Amoeboid movement- Cytoplasmic
Endocytosis- engulfing
Phagocytosis- feeding
Pinocytosis- dinking
Contractile Vacuole- pumps out excess water

13. Foraminifera- Shell (test) med of calcium carbonate
Ecological Role
Foraminifera- Shell (test) med of calcium carbonate
Created limestone/chalk deposits
Found in White Cliffs of Dover/ Pyramids

14. Radioalarians- Shell (test) made of silicon dioxide
Created Chert and Jasper (rock)

15. D. Human Diseases (non-free living amoebas)
Entamoeba histolytica
Enters from contaminated water, food
Lives in large intestine (enzymes attack lining causing ulcers)
Causes: Amoebic Dysentery
diarrhea dehyd, bloody stool,  death
ACANTHAMOEBA Sp.
Causes:
1. Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis
2. Keratitis

18. III. Phylum Ciliophora- 8000 species Paramecium

19. Environment Ponds(Marine/Fresh) Slow moving streams Stentor Euplotes
Monodinium spp.
Stentor
Euplotes

20. Food Source
Bacteria
Algae
Vorticella
Stentor

21. Oral groove (lined with cilia) Mouth Pore open to Gullet
Internal Structure
Pellicle
Surrounds cell membrand
Made of protein (clear and elastic)
Gives shape
Oral groove (lined with cilia)
Creates currents to sweep food to Mouth Pore
Mouth Pore open to Gullet
Gullet forms Vacuoles
Vacuoles circulate food to cytoplasm
Anal Pore- undigested food passes out

23. 8. Cilia- External Cytoplasm-movement
Macronucleus
a. Controls Metabolic/ Developmental Activities
Micronucleus
Controls reproduction (conjugation)
8. Cilia- External Cytoplasm-movement

24. Reproduction Asexual Binary Fission (Macro-splits)
(Micro- divides mitotically)

25. Sexual- conjugation Macro- disintegrates
(p515) Micro-nuc-Meiosis occurs (2n)
4 Haploid Micro-Nuclei produced
All but 1 micor nucli disintegrate in each Paramecium
Remaining Micro-nuc divide by mitosis (n)
2 Paramecium exchange (n) micro nuc./ fusing forming 2n micro-nuc
Cells separate/ new macro forms
Following conjugation/ paramecium divide producing 4 identical paramecium (different from original 2)

27. IV. Phylum Zoomastigina- 2500 species
Environment
Ponds
Lakes
Peranema
Giardia

28. Movement- flagella
1. Hairlike structure made of microtubules

29. Human Diseases Zooflagulates (parasitic) Trypanosoma (Genus)
Found in blood fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Spread by blood sucking insects from Host to Host

31. Kinds of Zooflagellates T. trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness)
Transmitted by the Tse Tse fly
Causes lethargy, mental deterioration, coma

32. b. T. cruzi (Chaga’s disease)
Transmitted by “kissing bug”
People suffer fever/ heart disease

33. c. Leish mania donovani Sandflies Blood disease (p516)
Africa, Asia, Latin America
Fatal

34. d. Giardia lamblia Transmitted by feces in water
Causes diarrhea/cramps

36. Treatment for protozoan infections is usually an antibiotic called metranidazole also called flagyl.

38. Plylum Sporazoa- 6000 species

39. Characteristics
No locomotion
Parasitic
Complex life cycles
Spore encased in protective coat

40. 5. Live in the host blood/tissues
Example: Toxoplasma gondii- found in birds, rodents, cats. In Human it causes toxoplasmosis- which can cause birth defects in newborns

41. SPOROZOA ALL OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES
ALL HAVE COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES
PATHOGENIC SPOROZOAN-PLASMODIUM Sp.
CAUSATIVE AGENT OF MALARIA
FOUR SPECIES CAUSE MALARIA

43. 1. P. MALARIAE
2. P. OVALE
3. P. VIVAX
4. P. FALCIPARUM
LIFE CYCLE OCCURS IN TWO ORGANISMS
MOSQUITO (ANOPHELES Sp.) AND ANIMAL BODY
SEXUAL CYCLE IN MOSQUITO
ASEXUAL CYCLE IN HUMAN BODY

44. 3 IMPORTANT STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE
SPOROZOITE
MEROZOITE
GAMETOCYTE
LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

46. TOXOPLASMOSIS
CAUSED BY TOXOPLASMA GONDII
SEEN MOSTLY IN PEOPLE WITH COMPROMISED IMMUNE SYSTEMS
CATS ARE AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF THIS PROTOZOAN
THE ORGANISM REPLICATES IN THE INTESTINE OF THE CAT.
IT PASSES OUT OF THE CAT IN ITS FECAL MATERIA
PEOPLE INJEST THE ORGANISM

47. Causes Malaria (victim die: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage)
Plasodium
Causes Malaria (victim die: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage)
Cause more deaths than any other genus in history
500 million people a year infected
2.7 million die a year

49. Life cycle Bitten by – anopheles (female mosquito)
P. sporozites enter blood to live cells
Merozoites emerge to infect RBC where they reproduce asexually
RBC burst, releasing toxins (must kill both blood and liver merozoites)
Merozoites form Gametacytes
Anopheles bites, injests Gametocytes
Sperm-egg form zygote
Zygote burst releasing sporozoites to salivary glands/cycle repeats
Cure- derived from cinchona tree (quinine) 500 years

51. TREATMENT FOR MALARIA - QUININE AND ITS DERIVATIVES
CHLOROQUINE
PRIMAQUINE
MEFLOQUINE - LARIUM
SIDE EFFECTS OF LONG TERM USE OF QUININE
HALLUCINATIONS
CONVULSIONS
EMOTIONAL CHANGES

52. VI. Phylum Euglenophyta- 1000 species (p533)

53. Characteristics (Euglenoids)
Plant characteristics- photosynthetic, have chlorophyll
Animal- lack cell wall, very motile
Live in fresh water, soil, digestive tract of some animals

54. Genus- Euglena gracilis
Found- fresh water
Pellicle- give it shape
Contractile vacuole- rid of excess water
Photosynthetic- if raised in dark becomes heterotrophic
Eye spot- light sensitive

57. PARASITIC FORMS (MANY ANIMALS CARRY PROTOZOANS AS NORMAL FLORA)
FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION OF FREE LIVING FORMS
NaCl CONCENTRATION pH
TEMPERATURE
OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS

58. NUTRITION
FREE LIVING FORMS - PHAGOCYTOSIS OF PARTICULATE MATTER
COMPLEX NUTRITIONAL NEEDS
ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS
STORAGE PRODUCTS - GLYCOGEN, STARCH AND LIPIDS
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL – BINARY FISSION, MULTIPLE FISSION OR BUDDING

59. SEXUAL - SYNGAMY OR CONJUGATION
CLASSIFICATION (ORGANELLES OF MOTOLITY)
KINGDOM: PROTISTA
PHYLUM: PROTOZOA
GROUPINGS: AMOEBA, FLAGELLATES, CILIATES, SPOROZOA
AMOEBA - PSEUDOPODIA - NO CELL WALL
AMOEBA PROTEUS - FREE LIVING AMOEBA