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Biological Diversity, Bacteria, & Archaea

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Presentation on theme: "Biological Diversity, Bacteria, & Archaea"— Presentation transcript:

1 Biological Diversity, Bacteria, & Archaea
Discover Biology, 5th Edition. Anu Singh-Cundy & Michael Cain. Chapter 2: pp

2 Unity of Life All life had common ancestor(s)
All living organisms have the same 4 nucleotides for DNA Adenine = Thymine Guanine = Cytosine The same set of 3 nucleotides (codon) match the same amino acid The Genetic Code (p 351) All life on Earth can be categorized in 3 domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

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4 Evolutionary Divergence
1st proof of life = fossilized Gunflint Formation, Ontario 2 x 109 years ago Evolutionary Tree Branching diagram DNA Physical features Biochemical characteristics Lineages = lines of descent Node = Split into 2 separate lineages Most recent common ancestor that BOTH lineages share Clade = Branch Given ancestor + all its descendents

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6 Cladograms Most recent common ancestor (MRCA) Shared derived traits
At the node Shared derived traits Unique features originally in MRCA Shared by all the descendants Not seen in other branches Implied time sequence Timescale imprecise Base represents the past Leaves represent the present

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8 Eukarya All have membrane-bound organelles Four different kingdoms
Nucleus; mitochondrion; chloroplast; endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Four different kingdoms Protista – diverse collection: amoeba, paramecium, algae, diatoms, etc… Plantae – all plants Fungi – yeast, mushrooms, molds Animalia – all animals

9 Linnaean Hierarchy - Taxonomy
Devised by Carolus Linnaeus in the 1700s Domain – largest, most inclusive group of similar organisms (Taxon) Kingdoms (6 taxa) Phylum (pleural “phyla”) Class Order Family Genus (pleural “genera”) Scientific name = Genus species Species (closest kin)

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11 Prokaryotes Nonofficial classification Domains Archaea & Bacteria
5 x 1030 on Earth Are unicellular; most microscopic but some can aggregate into mats Divide asexually by binary fission (1.6 x 107 new E. coli per night) Have no membrane-bound organelles Nucleic acid is found in “nucleoid” region Have ribosomes on which to make proteins Domains Archaea & Bacteria Bacteria Some cause disease; others are beneficial Archaea Evolved ~ 2.7 x 109 yrs ago Unique type of fat in plasma membrane Many are extremophiles

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