1. Chapter 6: Set Operators5
Chapter 6: Set Operators
6.1: Introduction to Set Operators
6.2: The EXCEPT Operator
6.3: The INTERSECT Operator
6.4: The UNION Operator
6.5: The OUTER UNION Operator

2. Chapter 6: Set Operators5
Chapter 6: Set Operators
6.1: Introduction to Set Operators
6.2: The EXCEPT Operator
6.3: The INTERSECT Operator
6.4: The UNION Operator
6.5: The OUTER UNION Operator

3. Objectives
Describe SQL set operators and modifiers.

4. Types of Set Operators
Set operators vertically combine rows from two result sets. There are four set operators:
Except
Union
Intersect
Outer Union

5. Default Behavior of Set Operators
Columns are matched by position and must be the same data type.
Column names in the final result set are determined by the first result set.
EXCEPT
INTERSECT
UNION
All columns from both result sets are selected.
OUTER UNION

6. Set Operator Syntax
General form of an SQL query using a set operator: The set operator operates on the result sets produced by the two SELECT statements, not on the actual tables themselves.
SELECT …
EXCEPT | INTERSECT | UNION | OUTER UNION <CORR> <ALL>

7. Types of Set Operators
EXCEPT Unique rows from the first table that are not found in the second table are selected.
select *
from one
except
from two;
...

8. Types of Set Operators
INTERSECT Common unique rows from both tables are selected.
select *
from one
intersect
from two;
...

9. Types of Set Operators
UNION Unique rows from both tables are selected with columns overlaid.
select *
from one
union
from two;
...

10. Types of Set Operators OUTER UNION
All rows from both tables, unique as well as non-unique, are selected.
Columns are not overlaid.
select *
from one
outer union
from two;

11. Modifiers
You can use two modifiers to modify the behavior of set operators:
ALL
CORRESPONDING

12. Modifiers
ALL
does not remove duplicate rows, and thus avoids an extra pass through the data. Use the ALL modifier for better performance when it is possible.
is not allowed in connection with an OUTER UNION operator. It is implicit.

13. Modifiers CORRESPONDING
overlays columns by name, instead of by position
removes any columns not found in both tables when used in EXCEPT, INTERSECT, and UNION operations
causes common columns to be overlaid when used in OUTER UNION operations
can be abbreviated as CORR.

15. 6.01 Poll
By default the EXCEPT, INTERSECT, and UNION set operators remove duplicate rows from the query output.  True  False
True

16. 6.01 Poll – Correct Answer
By default the EXCEPT, INTERSECT, and UNION set operators remove duplicate rows from the query output.  True  False
Type answer here

18. Chapter 6: Set Operators5
Chapter 6: Set Operators
6.1: Introduction to Set Operators
6.2: The EXCEPT Operator
6.3: The INTERSECT Operator
6.4: The UNION Operator
6.5: The OUTER UNION Operator

19. Objectives
Describe the SQL process when you use the EXCEPT set operator and keywords.
Use the EXCEPT set operator.

20. EXCEPT
Unique rows from the first result set that are not found in the second result set are selected.

21. Business Scenario
Create a report that displays the employee identification number and job title of the non-Sales staff employees.
Considerations:
The orion.Employee_organization table contains information about all current Orion Star employees.
The orion.Sales table contains information about current Sales employees only.

22. The EXCEPT Operator
You need a query that returns information from rows that exist in orion.Employee_organization, but not in orion.Sales. The EXCEPT operator could be useful.
orion.Employee_organization
non-sales
orion.Sales

23. Flow Diagram: EXCEPT Operator
CORR
Yes
Remove nonmatching columns. No
ALL No
Yes
Remove duplicate rows.
Remove matching rows.
End

24. The EXCEPT Operator Table TWO Table ONE
Display the unique rows in Table ONE that are not found in Table TWO.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
except
from two;
s106d01
...

25. The EXCEPT Operator Table TWO Table ONE
The SQL processor removes duplicate rows within the tables.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
except
from two;
s106d01
...

26. The EXCEPT Operator Intermediate Results Table ONE Table TWO
The SQL processor creates an intermediate result set by returning the rows that are found only in Table ONE.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Intermediate Results   1 a b 2 c 4 e 6 g
select *
from one
except
from two;
s106d01
...

27. The EXCEPT Operator Final Results Table ONE Table TWO
The column names are determined by Table ONE in the final result set.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Final Results X A 1 a b 2 c 4 e 6 g
select *
from one
except
from two;
s106d01
...

28. The EXCEPT Operator with ALL
Display the rows (duplicates included) that are found in Table ONE, but not in Table TWO.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
except all
from two;
s106d02
...

29. The EXCEPT Operator with ALL
The SQL processor creates an intermediate result set by returning the rows that are found only in Table ONE.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Intermediate Results   1 a b 2 c 4 e 6 g
select *
from one
except all
from two;
s106d02
...

30. The EXCEPT Operator with ALL
The column names are determined by Table ONE in the final result set.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Final Results X A 1 a b 2 c 4 e 6 g
select *
from one
except all
from two;
s106d02
...

31. The EXCEPT Operator with CORR
Display the unique rows that exist in Table ONE and not in Table TWO, based on same-named columns.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
except corr
from two;
s106d03
...

32. The EXCEPT Operator with CORR
The SQL processor eliminates any columns not found in both tables.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
except corr
from two;
s106d03
...

33. The EXCEPT Operator with CORR
The SQL processor eliminates duplicate rows.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
except corr
from two;
s106d03
...

34. The EXCEPT Operator with CORR
The SQL processor creates an intermediate result set by returning rows that are found only in Table ONE.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Intermediate
Results  4 6
select *
from one
except corr
from two;
s106d03
...

35. The EXCEPT Operator with CORR
The SQL processor creates an intermediate result set by returning rows that are found only in Table ONE.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Final Results X 4 6
select *
from one
except corr
from two;
s106d03

37. 6.02 Quiz Table BETA Table ALPHA
What are the results when you combine ALL with CORR? Run the program s106a01 and review the results.
Table ALPHA X A 1 x y 3 z 4 v 5 w
Table BETA X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5
select *
from alpha
except all corr
from beta;
X=1
X=4
s106a01

38. 6.02 Quiz – Correct Answer Table BETA Table ALPHA
What are the results when you combine ALL with CORR?
Table ALPHA X A 1 x y 3 z 4 v 5 w
Table BETA X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5
select *
from alpha
except all corr
from beta;
Type answer here X 1 4
Final result set

39. Step 1: Using ALL with CORR
CORR specifies that only same-named columns be used. ALL specifies that all values of X be used, including duplicates.
Step 1
Table ALPHA X A 1 x y 3 Z 4 v 5 w
Table BETA X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5
select *
from alpha
except all corr
from beta;
...

40. Step 2: Using ALL with CORR
EXCEPT specifies that only X values found in ALPHA and not in BETA are used.
Step 2
Table ALPHA X A 1 x y 3 Z 4 v 5 w
Table BETA X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5
select *
from alpha
except all corr
from beta; X 1 4
Final result set

41. Business Scenario (Review)
Create a report that displays the employee identification number and job title of the employees who are not Sales staff.
non-sales
orion.Employee_organization
orion.Sales
proc sql;
select Employee_ID, Job_Title
from orion.Employee_organization
except all
from orion.Sales;
quit;
s106d04

42. Non-Sales Staff Employees
The EXCEPT Operator
Partial PROC SQL Output (10 out of 259)
Non-Sales Staff Employees
Employee_ID Job_Title
ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
Director
Administration Manager
Secretary I
Office Assistant II
Office Assistant III Warehouse Assistant II Warehouse Assistant I Warehouse Assistant III Security Guard II
Security Guard I

44. 6.03 Quiz Answer the questions about the following program:
Why is the CORR keyword not used in this example?
2. Would adding the CORR keyword to this example change the outcome?
select Employee_ID, Job_Title
from orion.Employee_organization
except all
from orion.Sales;
1. Both SELECT lists specify the same column names in the same order, so CORR is not necessary.
2. No, adding CORR produces the same results.
s106a02

45. 6.03 Quiz – Correct Answer
Answer the questions about the following program:
Why is the CORR keyword not used in this example?
Both SELECT lists specify the same column names in the same order, so CORR is not necessary.
select Employee_ID, Job_Title
from orion.Employee_organization
except all
from orion.Sales;
Type answer here

46. 6.03 Quiz – Correct Answer
Answer the questions about the following program:
Why is the CORR keyword not used in this example?
Both SELECT lists specify the same column names in the same order, so CORR is not necessary.
2. Would adding the CORR keyword in this example change the outcome?
No, adding CORR produces the same results.
select Employee_ID, Job_Title
from orion.Employee_organization
except all
from orion.Sales;
Type answer here

47. Using the CORR Keyword
This demonstration illustrates the use of the CORR keyword with the EXCEPT set operator.
s106d04a
s106d04a

48. The EXCEPT Operator
This query can easily become an in-line view used to determine how many managers, who are not Sales staff, are employed at Orion Star.
proc sql;
select count(*) 'No. Non-Sales Managers'
from (select distinct Manager_ID
from orion.Employee_organization
except all
select Employee_ID
from orion.Sales) ;
quit;
s106d05
 A manager might have multiple direct reports, so use the DISTINCT keyword in the first part of the query. You can confidently use the ALL keyword because the first query returns distinct values, and the Sales table contains no duplicate records.
s106d05

49. The EXCEPT Operator PROC SQL Output No. Non-Sales Managers ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ48

51. 6.04 Poll
By default, the EXCEPT set operator selects all the rows from the first result set that are not in the second result set.  True  False
False. By default, the EXCEPT Operator eliminates duplicate rows first.

52. 6.04 Poll – Correct Answer
By default, the EXCEPT set operator selects all the rows from the first result set that are not in the second result set.  True  False By default, the EXCEPT operator eliminates duplicate rows first. It selects only unique rows from the first result set that are not in the second result set.
Type answer here

54. Chapter 6: Set Operators5
Chapter 6: Set Operators
6.1: Introduction to Set Operators
6.2: The EXCEPT Operator
6.3: The INTERSECT Operator
6.4: The UNION Operator
6.5: The OUTER UNION Operator

55. Objectives
Describe the SQL process when using the INTERSECT set operator and keywords.
Use the INTERSECT set operator.

56. INTERSECT
Common unique rows from both result sets are selected.

57. Business Scenario
Orion Star frequently hires experienced Sales staff at higher levels on the assumption that they will be more productive than inexperienced personnel.
Create a report that displays the employee identification number of current Level III and Level IV Sales staff hired in 2004, who made at least one sale by the end of 2005.
Considerations:
The orion.Order_fact table contains information on all sales.
The orion.Sales table contains information about current Sales employees, including job titles and hire dates.

58. The INTERSECT Operator
You need a query that returns information from rows that exist in both orion.Sales and orion.Order_fact. The INTERSECT operator could be useful.
orion.Sales
sales by Sales staff
orion.Order_fact

59. Flow Diagram: INTERSECT Operator
CORR
Yes
Remove nonmatching columns. No
ALL No
Yes
Remove duplicate rows.
Save matching rows.
End

60. The INTERSECT Operator
Display the unique rows common to Table ONE and Table TWO.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
intersect
from two;
s106d06
...

61. The INTERSECT Operator
The SQL processor removes duplicate rows within the tables.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
intersect
from two;
s106d06
...

62. The INTERSECT Operator
The SQL processor creates an intermediate result set by returning the rows that are found in both tables.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Intermediate Results   3 v
select *
from one
intersect
from two;
s106d06
...

63. The INTERSECT Operator
The column names are determined by Table ONE in the final result set.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Final Results X A 3 v
select *
from one
intersect
from two;
s106d06

65. 6.05 Quiz
Submit the program s106a03 and review the results. Add the ALL keyword to the second PROC SQL step and re-submit. Will the addition of the ALL keyword have any effect on the output?
Table AAA X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table BBB X B 1 a 2 z 3 v 5 w
select *
from aaa
intersect all
from bbb;
Yes. There are duplicate rows common to both tables. The ALL keyword will include the duplicate rows.
s106a03

66. 6.05 Quiz – Correct Answer
Will the addition of the ALL keyword have any effect on the output? Yes. There are duplicate rows common to both tables. The ALL keyword will include the duplicate rows.
Table BBB X B 1 a 2 z 3 v 5 w
Final Results X A 1 a 3 v
Table AAA X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
select *
from aaa
intersect all
from bbb;
Type answer here
s106a03

67. The INTERSECT Operator with CORR
Display the unique rows common to Table ONE and Table TWO, based on the same-named columns.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
intersect corr
from two;
s106d07
...

68. The INTERSECT Operator with CORR
The SQL processor eliminates any columns not found in both tables.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
intersect corr
from two;
s106d07
...

69. The INTERSECT Operator with CORR
The SQL processor eliminates duplicate rows and rows that are not common to Table ONE and Table TWO.
Final
Results X 1 2 3
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
intersect corr
from two;
s106d07

70. Business Scenario (Review)
Create a report that displays the employee identification number of current Level III and Level IV Sales staff hired in 2004, who made at least one sale by the end of 2005.
orion.Sales
proc sql;
select Employee_ID
from orion.Sales
where year(Hire_date)=2004
and scan(Job_Title,-1) in
("III","IV")
intersect all
select distinct Employee_ID
from orion.Order_fact
where year(Order_date) le 2005;
quit;
sales by Sales staff
s106d08
orion.Order_fact
s106d08

71. The INTERSECT Operator
PROC SQL Output
Employee ID
ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
120179

73. Exercise
This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed previously.

74. Chapter 6: Set Operators5
Chapter 6: Set Operators
6.1: Introduction to Set Operators
6.2: The EXCEPT Operator
6.3: The INTERSECT Operator
6.4: The UNION Operator
6.5: The OUTER UNION Operator

75. Objectives
Describe the SQL process when you use the UNION set operator and keywords.
Use the UNION set operator.

76. UNION
Both result sets are combined, and then unique rows are selected with columns overlaid.

77. Payroll Report for Level I, II, and III Employees
Business Scenario
The management team needs a payroll report for Level I, II, and III Orion Star employees. The UNION operator could be useful here. Below is a sketch of the desired report:
Payroll Report for Level I, II, and III Employees
_______________________________________ Total Paid to ALL Level I Staff ,234, Total Paid to ALL Level II Staff ,456, Total Paid to ALL Level III Staff 2,123,456

78. Flow Diagram: UNION Operator
CORR
Yes
Remove nonmatching columns. No
Concatenate tables.
ALL No
Yes
Remove duplicate rows.
End

79. The UNION Operator
Display all of the unique rows from both Table ONE and Table TWO.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
union
from two;
s106d09
...

80. The UNION Operator
The SQL processor creates an intermediate result set by concatenating and sorting Table ONE and Table TWO.
Intermediate
Results   1 a b x 2 c y 3 v z 4 e 5 w 6 g
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
union
from two;
s106d09
...

81. The UNION Operator
The SQL processor removes duplicate rows from the intermediate result.
Intermediate
Results   1 a b x 2 c y 3 v z 4 e 5 w 6 g
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
union
from two;
s106d09
...

82. The UNION Operator Final Result Set Table ONE Table TWO Final ResultsX A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Final Results X A 1 a b x 2 c y 3 v z 4 e 5 w 6 g
select *
from one
union
from two;
s106d09

83. The UNION Operator with CORR
Display all of the unique rows of same-named columns in Table ONE and Table TWO.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
union corr
from two;
s106d10
...

84. The UNION Operator with CORR
The SQL processor creates an intermediate result set by concatenating and sorting data from same-named columns.
Intermediate
Results X 1 2 3 4 5 6
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
union corr
from two;
s106d10
...

85. The UNION Operator with CORR
The SQL processor eliminates duplicate rows.
Intermediate
Results X 1 2 3 4 5 6
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
select *
from one
union corr
from two;
s106d10
...

86. The UNION Operator with CORR
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Final Results X 1 2 3 4 5 6
select *
from one
union corr
from two;
s106d10

87. Business Scenario (Review)
The management team needs a payroll report for the Level I, II, and III Orion Star employees.
The orion.Staff table contains the job title and salary information for all Orion Star employees.
Use the UNION set operator to combine the results from each query that calculates the total paid to all Level I, II, and III employees.
Payroll Report for Level I, II, and III Employees
_______________________________________ Total Paid to ALL Level I Staff ,234, Total Paid to ALL Level II Staff ,456, Total Paid to ALL Level III Staff 2,123,456

88. The UNION Operator proc sql; select 'Total Paid to ALL Level I Staff',
sum(Salary) format=comma12.
from orion.Staff
where scan(Job_Title,-1, ' ')='I'
union
select 'Total Paid to ALL Level II Staff',
where scan(Job_Title,-1,' ')='II'
select 'Total Paid to ALL Level III Staff',
where scan(Job_Title,-1,' ')='III';
quit;
s106d11
s106d11

89. The UNION Operator PROC SQL Output
Payroll Report for Level I, II, and III Employees
ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ Total Paid to ALL Level I Staff ,582,630 Total Paid to ALL Level II Staff ,569,580 Total Paid to ALL Level III Staff 2,296,425

90. Set Operators and Keywords: Flow Diagrams
CORR
ALL
Remove duplicate rows.
Remove matching rows.
EXCEPT
Remove nonmatching columns. No
Yes
End
INTERSECT
CORR
ALL
Remove duplicate rows.
Save matching rows.
Remove nonmatching columns. No
Yes
End
UNION
CORR
ALL
Remove duplicate rows. No
Yes
End
Concatenate tables.
Remove nonmatching columns.

92. 6.06 Poll
Is it more or less efficient to use the ALL keyword in a set operation?  More efficient  Less efficient
More efficient, because SQL doesn't take a second pass through the data to eliminate duplicates.

93. 6.06 Poll – Correct Answer
Is it more or less efficient to use the ALL keyword in a set operation?  More efficient  Less efficient No de-duplication is required.
Type answer here

95. Chapter 6: Set Operators5
Chapter 6: Set Operators
6.1: Introduction to Set Operators
6.2: The EXCEPT Operator
6.3: The INTERSECT Operator
6.4: The UNION Operator
6.5: The OUTER UNION Operator

96. Objectives Describe SQL OUTER UNION set operators and keywords.
Use the OUTER UNION set operators.
Compare the SQL set operators to traditional SAS programming tools.

97. Business Scenario
Write a query to display the employee ID numbers, job titles, and salaries for all Administrative staff. The data that you need is in four separate data sets with identical structures. The OUTER UNION operator could be useful here.

98. OUTER UNION
All rows from both result sets, unique as well as non-unique, are selected.
Columns are not overlaid.

99. The OUTER UNION Operator
Display all data values from Table ONE and Table TWO.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Final Results X A B 1 a . b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g x y z 5 w
select *
from one
outer union
from two;
s106d12

100. The OUTER UNION Operator with CORR
Display all data values from Table ONE and Table TWO, but overlay common columns.
Table ONE X A 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g
Table TWO X B 1 x 2 y 3 z v 5 w
Final Results X A B 1 a b 2 c 3 v 4 e 6 g x y z 5 w
select *
from one
outer union corr
from two;
s106d13

101. Business Scenario (Review)
Write a query to display the employee ID numbers, job titles, and salaries for all Administrative staff.
Considerations:
The data that you need is in four separate data sets with identical structures:
work.Admin_I
work.Admin_II
work.Admin_III
work.Admin_IV
There are no data sets that contain specific job titles for the Admin employees. Therefore, there is a step in the s106d14 program that creates the four WORK tables that are needed for this example.

102. The OUTER UNION Operator with CORR
The OUTER UNION operator with the CORR keyword might be useful here.
proc sql;
select *
from work.Admin_I
outer union corr
from work.Admin_II
from work.Admin_III
from work.Admin_IV;
There are no data sets that contain specific job titles for the Admin employees. Therefore, there is a step in the s106d14 program that creates the four WORK tables that are needed for this example.
s106d14

103. The OUTER UNION Operator Results
PROC SQL Output
Employee
Annual
Employee ID Employee Job Title Salary ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ Secretary I $27,110
Office Assistant I $26,940
Office Assistant I $26, Office Administrator I $31, Office Assistant II $26, Secretary II $27, Office Assistant II $26, Office Administrator II $34, Secretary II $29, Office Assistant III $30, Secretary III $28, Office Assistant III $29, Office Assistant III $29, Secretary III $29, Secretary IV $31, Office Assistant IV $32,745

104. SQL versus Traditional SAS Programming
The following programs produce the same report:
data three;
set one two;
run;
proc print data=three noobs;
proc sql;
select * from one
outer union corr
select * from two;
quit;
s105d15
proc append base=one data=two;
run;
proc print data=one noobs;
s105d15

106. 6.07 Multiple Choice Poll
What DATA step statement yields the same results as OUTER UNION CORR?
MERGE
APPEND
SET
STACK
c. SET

107. 6.07 Multiple Choice Poll – Correct Answer
What DATA step statement yields the same results as OUTER UNION CORR?
MERGE
APPEND
SET
STACK
Type answer here

108. SQL Set Operators versus the DATA Step
Key Points
SQL
DATA Step
Number of tables processed simultaneously
Limited to two tables
Not limited by SAS; limited only by system resources.
Column handling
Depends on the SET operator and keywords
All columns from all data sets are included in output data set(s), unless specified using data set options or program logic.
Duplicate row handling
All rows are output unless specified using data set options or program logic.
Use the techniques discussed in the "Additional PROC SQL Features" chapter to benchmark different techniques.
 Also consider PROC APPEND for vertical table combination.

109. Exercise
This exercise reinforces the concepts discussed previously.

110. Chapter Review How many rows will this query produce? Table 1 Table 2ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Def 3
Ghi
Table 2 ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Zxy 3
Ghi
proc sql;
select *
from table1 INTERSECT
from table2 ;
quit;

111. Chapter Review Answers
1. How many rows will this query produce? Two
Table 1 ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Def 3
Ghi
Table 2 ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Zxy 3
Ghi
proc sql;
select *
from table1 INTERSECT
from table2 ;
quit;
ID Var ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
1 Abc
3 Ghi
PROC SQL Output

112. Chapter Review 2. How many rows will this query produce? Table 1ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Def 3
Ghi
Table 2 ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Zxy 3
Ghi
proc sql;
select *
from table1 EXCEPT
from table2 ;
quit;

113. Chapter Review Answers
2. How many rows will this query produce? One
Table 1 ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Def 3
Ghi
Table 2 ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Zxy 3
Ghi
proc sql;
select *
from table1 EXCEPT
from table2 ;
quit;
ID Var
ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ Def
PROC SQL Output

114. Chapter Review
3. Will the addition of the CORR and ALL keywords change the number of rows that this query produces?
Table 1 ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Def 3
Ghi
Table 2 ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Zxy 3
Ghi
proc sql;
select *
from table1 EXCEPT CORR ALL
from table2 ;
quit;

115. Chapter Review Answers
3. Will the addition of the CORR and ALL keywords change the number of rows that this query produces? No
Table 1 ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Def 3
Ghi
Table 2 ID
Var 1
Abc 2
Zxy 3
Ghi
proc sql;
select *
from table1 EXCEPT CORR ALL
from table2 ;
quit;
ID Var
ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
2 Def
PROC SQL Output

116. Chapter Review 4. How many columns will this query produce? Table 1ID
Var1 1
Abc 2
Def 3
Ghi
Table 2 ID
Var2 1
Abc 2
Zxy 3
Ghi
proc sql;
select *
from table1 OUTER UNION CORR
from table2 ;
quit;

117. Chapter Review Answers
4. How many columns will this query produce? Three
Table 1 ID
Var1 1
Abc 2
Def 3
Ghi
Table 2 ID
Var2 1
Abc 2
Zxy 3
Ghi
proc sql;
select *
from table1 OUTER UNION CORR
from table2 ;
quit;
ID Var Var2
ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
1 Abc
2 Def
3 Ghi
Abc
Xyz
Ghi
PROC SQL Output