1. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Re-Evaluation of Individual and Combined Garlic and Flaxseed Diets on Hyperlipidemic Rats
Manal K. Abdel-Rahman, Elham M. Mahmoud, Aly R. Abdel-Moemin, Omnia. G.A. Rafaata
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

2. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
The aim of study
The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of individual and combined flaxseed and garlic diets on the hyperlipidemic rats.
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

3. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Introduction
Before 5,000 BC, Ancient Egyptian regularly used flaxseed and garlic to promote good health.
An increased serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels have been implicated as important risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Arab countries.
The prevalence of hypertension for example, is 45.3% in Egypt compared to Kuwait 26.3%, 32.1% in Qatar, and 33% in Oman
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

4. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Mediterranean Diet
The Mediterranean diet is characterised by consumption of fresh vegetables, such as garlic, dietary fibre, seeds and low intakes of meat and olive oils.
It is not only produces favourable effects on blood lipids but also protects against oxidative stress, the latter being thought to represent one of the mechanisms leading to chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer.
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

5. What do you know about flaxseed and garlic?
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

6. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Flaxseed
Linum usitatissimum
Whole flaxseed contains approximately 41% fat and 21% protein of the seed weight.
There is an evidence that whole flaxseed may lower serum cholesterol in both normal and hyperlipidemic subjects.
Purified alpha linolenic acid or lignans alone have not consistently shown benefits. It may be the generic fiber and not the other specific ingredients in flaxseed that benefit cholesterol levels.
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

7. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Garlic Allium sativum
Garlic has been considered as one of the blood lipids lowering agents, and various studies have been carried out, some of them confirmed this effect of garlic and some did not.
Garlic’s current principal medicinal uses are to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease by reducing platelet aggregation by inhibiting prostaglandin E2 and the release of fibrinogen degradation products, lowering blood pressure and cholesterol.
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

8. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Materials And Methods
This study was performed on 63 male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighed in the beginning of the experiment 120 g (± 5) (eight weeks of age).
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

9. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Experimental Design
NC group fed on basal diet only and the rest of 6 groups were received high fat diet with 1% cholesterol.
After 10 days, the lipid profile come to cut off point that over 100mg/dL for total cholesterol and triacylglycerols.
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

10. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Biochemical Studies
Blood samples were collected immediately in sterile tubes from the retro orbital venous plexus and left to stand for 30 min. at room temperature (<20oC) to coagulate before being centrifuged for 20 min at 2000 rpm (Sorvall RT7, Newtown, MA)
Serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were determined enzymatically using kits from Boehringer (Germany).
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

11. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
M&M
Serum (HDL-C) was determined by a direct method (Unimate HDL Direct, Roche Diagnostics) that uses the combined action of polymers, polyanions and detergent to solubilize cholesterol from HDL but not from VLDL, LDL, LDL-cholesterol concentration was calculated by the (Friedewald et al., 1972).
Non-HDL-cholesterol concentration was calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol from total cholesterol
The coefficients of variation (CVs) were 1.7% and 2.5% and 2.6%, for total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, respectively.
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

12. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Histology
All tissues were coded and analysed blindly by the pathologist without knowledge of related characteristics or diet.
Specimen from organs; liver, kidney and aorta were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for light microscopy with formalin fixation, embedded in paraffin and stained.
Histological results have been graded by a scale from 0 to 4 according to severity of histological sections.
0 shows no histopathological results, 1 shows light degree of severity of pathological changes, 2 mild, 3 moderate and 4 severe histopathological changes.
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

13. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Statistical Analysis
Results are expressed as mean ±standard error of the mean. Comparisons between negative and positive groups for the data in Tables 3 were made by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

14. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

15. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Aorta histology
PJN 2009 A
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition D E

16. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Table 1: Basal diet, Ain-93M
Table 1:
Basal diet, Ain-93M
Table 1:
Basal diet, Ain-93M
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

17. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
Table 2 Mean weight (g) changes
in rats treated with
hyperlipidemic diets
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

18. Table 3 Mean serum lipid levels in hyperlipidemic
rats after 4 weeks of treatments
Rat group
TAG
(mg/dL) % TC ↓% NC
73 ±0.21
77±1.36 PC
120±0.31a
106±1.30a FX
71±0.24c
↓103
67±0.80b
↓115 DG
100±15a 73
90±0.4a 86 FG
70±0.70c
↓104.3
70±1.2b
↓110
FX+DG
71±0.50c
80±0.86b 96
FX+FG
68±0.74b
↓107.4
75±0.89c
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

19. Table 3 Mean serum lipid levels in hyperlipidemic
rats after 4 weeks of treatments
Rat group
LDL
(mg/dL) %
HDL NC
29±1.20
34±0.89 PC
41±0.70a
27±0.75a FX
27±0.85c
↓107.4
33±0.70c 97 DG
33±0.62b 88
34±0.56c
100 FG
28±0.76c
↓103.6
36±0.26c
↑106
FX+DG
30±0.34c
31±0.92b 91
FX+FG
29±0.65c
32±0.13c 94
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

20. Table 4 Effect of Different Diets on AST and ALT Serum Rat Levels
Groups of rats
AST(U/L)
ALT (U/L)
(NC)
82±0.60
61±0.17
(PC)
137±0.65
72±0.33 FX
95±0.70
66±0.23 DG
148±0.38
85±0.52 FG
89±0.46
62±0.35
FX+DG
117±0.50
68±0.83
FX+FG
112±0.34
65±0.80
±SEM: values are the mean of 9 results
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

21. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
SUMMARY
We studied the effect of individual and combined consumption of 10 % of flaxseed and garlic, for 30 days on biochemical and histological factors in hyperlipidemic rats.
Histological results indicate to an improvement of kidney tissues in the presence of fresh garlic alone or combined flaxseed and garlic but not flaxseed alone.
Garlic results indicate to an improvement of kidney, aorta and liver tissues
Best results was noticed in cholesterol fraction compare to other fraction
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

22. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
SUMMARY
The feeding trial was conducted on rats with high levels of serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol
Best results was noticed in cholesterol fraction compared to other fractions
Combined flaxseed and fresh garlic in the diet may be recommended in mild high lipidaemia.
Active material in both food that has a hypolipidemic effect still need more studies
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

23. Thank You For Listening Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
PJN 2009
Pakistan Journal of Nutrition