1. Repeating the Execution of Statements
Repetition
Repeating the Execution of Statements

2. Review
We’ve seen that the C++ for loop permits a statement to be executed repeatedly:
Expr1
Expr2
Statement
Expr3 F T
for (Expr1; Expr2; Expr3)
Statement

3. A Counting Loop
The for loop is most commonly used to count from one value first to another value last:
count = first
count <= last
Statement
count++ F T
for (int count = first;
count <= last;
count++)
Statement

4. Other Loops
StatementList1
Expression F T
StatementList2
C++ also provides the forever loop: a for loop without expressions:
for (;;) {
StatementList1
if (Expression) break;
StatementList2 }
Repetition continues so long as Expression is false!

5. Pretest Loops
If StatementList1 is omitted from a forever loop, we get a test-at-the-top or pretest loop:
Expression F T
StatementList2
for (;;) {
if (Expression) break;
StatementList2 }

6. The while Loop
For such situations, C++ provides the more readable while loop, whose pattern is:
Expression T F
Statement
while (Expression)
Statement
Statement can be either a single or compound C++ statement.
Repetition continues so long as Expression is true!

7. Post-test Loops
If StatementList2 is omitted in a forever loop, we get a test-at-the-bottom or post-test loop:
Expression F T
StatementList1
for (;;) {
StatementList1
if (Expression) break; }

8. The do Loop
For such situations, C++ provides the more readable do loop, whose pattern is:
Expression T F
Statement do
Statement
while (Expression);
Statement can be either a single or compound C++ statement.
Repetition continues so long as Expression is true!

9. Choosing a Loop
With four loops at our disposal, how do we know which one to use?
Use the for loop for counting problems.
Design algorithms for non-counting problems using a general Loop statement, and see where it is appropriate for repetition to terminate:
If at the loop’s beginning, use the while loop
If at its end, use the do loop
If in its middle, use the forever loop.

10. Example
Write a function that given a positive int value, returns a string of equivalent digits.
Example: 123 ® “123”
0 ® “”

11. Algorithm Question: How/where should repetition terminate?
0. Receive intVal.
1. Initialize stringVal to the empty string;
2. Loop
a. Set intDigit to the remainder of intVal / 10.
b. Compute charDigit, the char equivalent to intDigit.
c. Set stringVal to charDigit + stringVal.
d. Set intVal to the quotient of intVal / 10.
End loop.
3. Return stringVal.
Question: How/where should repetition terminate?

12. Choice of Loop Our loop should terminate when intVal <= 0.
We should check this condition at the beginning, because if intVal is initially zero (or negative), we do not want any of the statements in the loop’s body to execute.
The pretest loop is thus the appropriate choice for this particular problem.

13. Algorithm (revised) 0. Receive intVal.
1. Initialize stringVal to the empty string;
2. Loop
a. If (intVal <= 0): terminate repetition.
b. Set intDigit to the remainder of intVal / 10.
c. Compute charDigit, the char equivalent to intDigit.
d. Set stringVal to charDigit + stringVal.
e. Set intVal to the quotient of intVal / 10.
End loop.
3. Return stringVal.

14. Coding We thus choose the while loop for this problem:
string IntToString(int intVal) {
const int ASCII_ZERO = 48;
string stringVal = “”;
int intDigit;
char charDigit;
while (intVal > 0)
intDigit = intVal % 10;
charDigit = char(intDigit + ASCII_ZERO);
stringVal = charDigit + stringVal;
intVal /= 10; }
return stringVal;

15. Discussion The four C++ loops provide very different behaviors:
The for loop is a loop designed for counting that provides pretest behavior.
The while loop is a general-purpose loop that provides test-at-the-top behavior.
The do loop is a general-purpose loop that provides test-at-the-bottom behavior.
The forever loop is a general-purpose loop that provides test-in-the-middle behavior.

16. Discussion
The while and for loops have their tests at the top, implying that if the loop’s condition is initially false, the body of the loop will not execute, which is called zero-trip behavior.
The do loop has its test at the bottom, implying that the body of the loop will execute at least once, regardless of the value of the loop’s condition, which is called one-trip behavior.

17. Discussion The forever loop its test in the middle:
Statements in StatementList1 will be executed at least once, regardless of the value of Expression.
Statements in StatementList2 will not be executed if Expression causes repetition to terminate.
This might be called half-trip behavior.

18. Summary C++ provides four repetitive execution statements:
The for loop, for counting.
The while loop, a general-purpose pretest loop.
The do loop, a general-purpose post-test loop.
The forever loop, a general-purpose test-in-the- middle loop.
Which loop you use to solve a given problem should be determined by your algorithm for that problem.