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Chemical Bonding
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Ionic Bonds Transfer of electrons from the metal to the nonmetal
Electrical attraction between large numbers of cations and anions. “clusters” Cation = Positively charged particle Typically metals Loves to give electrons away Low Ionization Energy & Electronegativity Most metallic element = Francium
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Ionic Bonds (cont.) Anion = Negatively charged particle
Typically nonmetals. Loves to accept electrons Higher Ionization Energy Higher Electronegativity Most nonmetallic element= Fluorine
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Ionic Bonds (cont.)
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Ionic Bonds (cont.) Ionic compounds are strong
Ionic bonds dissociate in water fall apart into cations and anions. Will conduct electricity when in water. These compounds are solids at room temp.
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Covalent Bonds Formed when 2 nonmetal atoms share electrons
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A. Polar Covalent Bonds Unequal sharing of electrons Cl
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Electronegativity difference is between> 0.4 – 1.6
Electrons attracted more to the higher EN (electronegative) atom, so density is greater around atom with higher EN value. Electronegativity difference is between> 0.4 – 1.6 Polar Covalent Bonds dissolve in water Don’t fall apart into ions (don’t dissociate) Little to no conductivity
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B. Non-polar Covalent Bonds
Equal sharing of electrons Br Br
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Electrons are shared equally between two atoms.
Electronegativity (EN) difference is Usually found between diatomic molecules – two of the same atoms (element) Non-polar covalent bonds don’t dissolve in water. No conductivity Can be gas, liquid, or solid (also true for polar covalent compounds).
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Metallic Bonds Bond formed between 2 or multiple metal atoms.
Larger outer electron shells- which overlap
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Metallic Bonds Electrons are free to move within electron clouds of all metal ions = Sea of Electrons Electrons are delocalized – they don’t belong to any one atom anymore.
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Metallic Bonds
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p. 12 Intermolecular Bonds
-occurs between 2 different molecules
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Hydrogen Bonds One molecule is polar and has Hydrogen in a H-F, H-O or H-N bond Other molecule has an unshared pair of electrons, usually F, O, N
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Hydrogen Bond Example:
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Van der Waals Bonds These bonds are important for Noble Gases and nonpolar molecules. Very weak bonds Electrons of Noble Gases get shifted to one side causing it to attract a slightly positive atom that is nearby.
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Van der Waals Bond Example:
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