1. Database Management System
Lecture - 25
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2. © Virtual University of Pakistan
Rules of the Format
Writing general format
Reserved words in capital
User-defined identifiers in lowercase
Valid identifiers
Optionals in [ ]
Curly braces means required items
| means chioces
[,…..n] means n items separated by comma
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3. © Virtual University of Pakistan
Rules of the Format
Writing general format
Reserved words in capital
User-defined identifiers in lowercase
Valid identifiers
Optionals in [ ]
Curly braces means required items
| means chioces
[,…..n] means n items separated by comma
© Virtual University of Pakistan

4. © Virtual University of Pakistan
Rules of the Format
Writing general format
Reserved words in capital
User-defined identifiers in lowercase
Valid identifiers
Optionals in [ ]
Curly braces means required items
| means chioces
[,…..n] means n items separated by comma
© Virtual University of Pakistan

5. © Virtual University of Pakistan
Rules of the Format
Writing general format
Reserved words in capital
User-defined identifiers in lowercase
Valid identifiers
Optionals in [ ]
Curly braces means required items
| means chioces
[,…..n] means n items separated by comma
© Virtual University of Pakistan

6. © Virtual University of Pakistan
Rules of the Format
Writing general format
Reserved words in capital
User-defined identifiers in lowercase
Valid identifiers
Optionals in [ ]
Curly braces means required items
| means chioces
[,…..n] means n items separated by comma
© Virtual University of Pakistan

7. © Virtual University of Pakistan
Rules of the Format
Writing general format
Reserved words in capital
User-defined identifiers in lowercase
Valid identifiers
Optionals in [ ]
Curly braces means required items
| means chioces
[,…..n] means n items separated by comma
© Virtual University of Pakistan

8. © Virtual University of Pakistan
Rules of the Format
Writing general format
Reserved words in capital
User-defined identifiers in lowercase
Valid identifiers
Optionals in [ ]
Curly braces means required items
| means chioces
[,…..n] means n items separated by comma
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9. © Virtual University of Pakistan
Example
SELECT [ALL|DISTINCT] {*|select_list} FROM {table|view[,…n]}
Select * from std
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10. © Virtual University of Pakistan
Data Types in SS
Integer
Bit ( 0 or 1)
Tinyint (0 through 255)
Smallint to 32767
Int -231 to (10 digits)
Bigint -263 to (19 digits)
Decimal or numeric
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11. © Virtual University of Pakistan
Data Types in SS
Text: handles textual data
char: by default 30 characters, max 8000
varchar: variable length text, max 8000
Text: variable length automatically
nchar, nvarchar, ntext
Money: handles monetary data
smallmoney: 6 digits, 4 decimal
money: 15 digits, 4 decimal
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Data Type in SS
Floating point
Float
Real
Date
Smalldatetime
datetime
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Example Database
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PROGRAM
COURSES
STUDENT
CRS_OFFERED
SEMESTER
TEACHER
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PROGRAM
COURSES
STUDENT
CRS_OFFERED
SEMESTER
TEACHER
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16. © Virtual University of Pakistan
PROGRAM (prName, totSem, prCredits)
COURSE (crCode, crName, crCredits, prName)
SEMESTER (semName, stDate, endDate)
CROFRD (crCode, semName, facId)
FACULTY (facId, fName, fQual, fSal, rank)
STUDENT (stId, stName, stFName, stAdres,
stPhone, prName, curSem, cgpa)
ENROLL (stId, crCode, semName, mTerm,
sMrks, fMrks, totMrks, grade, gp)
SEM_RES (stId, semName, totCrs, totCrdts,
totGP, gpa)
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SQL Commands Types
SQL commands are categorized in three broad classes
Data definition language (DDL)
Data manipulation language (DML)
Data control language (DCL)
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18. Data Manipulation Language
DML commands are used to create, alter or drop tables or other database objects
DBMSs provide graphic interface for creating tables
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