1. IAEA International Conference on Fifty Years of Nuclear Power – The next Fifty Years Moscow - Obninsk, Russian Federation - June 28, Nuclear Fuel Cycle and sustainable development : strategies for the future Dr. Jacques Bouchard Head of the Nuclear Energy Division French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)  
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

2. Why should Nuclear Energy play a major role ?
No CO2 emissions and no
contribution to Global Warming
Enhances the energy supply security
An already competitive energy
source
Safety improvements in 3rd Gen
reactors are already significant
Promising assets
to produce Hydrogen
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

3. Sustainable Development Vision Scenario (IEA 2003)5 10 15 20 25 30
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
World Primary Energy Sources (Gtoe) 6
6,5 7
7,5 8
8,5 9
World Population (Billions)
Other Renewables
Biomass
Nuclear
Gas
Oil
Coal
Population
Source IEA : Energy to
Scenarios for a Sustainable Future
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

4. The Evolution of Nuclear Power
Future Systems
Advanced Reactors
Current Reactors
First Reactors
1950
1970
1990
2010
2030
2050
2070
2090
Generation I
UNGG
CHOOZ
Generation II
REP 900
REP 1300 N4
Generation III
Generation IV
EPR ?
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

5. Gen III : a mature technology for near term development
Generation III reactors identified as ‘Near Term Deployment’ by the Generation IV Forum
Advanced Pressurized Water Reactors
AP 600, AP 1000, APR1400, APWR+, EPR
Advanced Boiling Water Reactors
ABWR II, ESBWR, HC-BWR, SWR-1000
Advanced Heavy Water Reactors
ACR-700 (Advanced CANDU Reactor 700)
Small and middle range power integrated Reactors
CAREM, IMR, IRIS, SMART
High Temperature, Gas Cooled, Modular Reactors
GT-MHR, PBMR
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

6. Gen III : significant improvements in safety
and also gradual improvements :
less waste / kWh
higher Pu consumption
higher resources savings
more competitive
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

7. GEN IV : paves the way for a sustainable nuclear energy
New requirements for sustainable nuclear energy
Gradual improvements in :
Competitiveness
Safety and reliability
Concepts with breakthroughs
Minimization of wastes
Preservation of resources
Resistance to Proliferation
New applications :
hydrogen production
water desalination
direct use of heat
Penetration of new markets :
emerging countries
small countries
France
United
Kingdom
Canada
E.U.
U.S.A.
Génération IV
International Forum Members
Switzerland
Brazil
Japan
Argentina
South Africa
South Korea
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

8. Closed Fuel Cycles and Fast Reactors : minimize radiotoxicity
nat
Actinides
Spent
fuel
Vitrified Waste FP
GEN IV FR
Treatment and Re -
fabrication
I.T.R.*
* : Integrated Treatment and Refabrication
 Benefits of Advanced fuel Cycles :
A drastic minimization of ultimate waste :
- volume, radiotoxicity, heat reduction
Resources preservation
Enhanced resistance to proliferation
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

9. GEN IV : Gas Cooled Reactors
Fast neutrons
Full Actinide recycling
GFR
VHTR
HTR
Hydrogen production
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

10. Security and Resistance to Proliferation
Risk of proliferation associated to current industrial activities is not underestimated today in France and in Europe
Up to now, no wrong use of nuclear materials coming from commercial reprocessing and recycling
Enriched uranium is more attractive and affordable than plutonium
International safeguards and controls should be improved
Proliferation resistance features are considered at an early stage for future GEN IV systems
We do not have yet all the answers
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

11. Capability to penetrate new markets : emerging countries
- Reactors should be designed to be intrinsically :
Robust and reliable (Safety),
Simple to operate
Resistant to proliferation
Affordable
- Externalization of the fuel cycle services ?
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

12. Capability to target new applications
Nuclear energy will be essential for :
Electrical power generation
… but also for new applications :
Hydrogen production
Direct use of Heat
Sea water desalination
Very High Temperature Reactor
Fuel Cell Prototype vehicle (hydrogen)
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

13. Conclusion
Nuclear Energy is competitive and will still improve its profitability
Nuclear Energy is already safe and reliable ; new generations will be even safer
Sustainability objectives to be met in a vision of a large expansion :
- nuclear waste minimization
- preservation of natural resources
- resistance to proliferation
- capability to penetrate new markets
- capability to target new applications
 Closed Cycles and Fast Reactors are the appropriate answer
Innovative technologies and international cooperation are the
pillars of sustainable nuclear development
Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004