1. From C to C++

2. Why C++ is much more fun than C (C++ FAQ)?
Classes & methods - OO design
Generic programming - Templates allow for code reuse
Stricter type system (e.g. function args)
Some run-time checks & memory control
A common and mature language that gives you high level and low level control
Have fun 

3. Probably one of the hardest computer languages to master.
Why C++ is much more fun than c (C+ FQA)?
Tons of corner cases
Duplicate features
Cryptic syntax
Undecidable syntax (uncompilable progarms!)
No two compilers agree on it
Probably one of the hardest computer languages to master.
Have fun 

4. History C++14 Auto return type, generic lambdas, binary literals,…
auto, lambdas, threading,…
Default in g++
The C++ Prog. Manual (85-90)
C++98
C++03
C++11
C++14
Minor changes
Major changes
Minor changes

5. History We’ll learn parts of C++-11,
Auto return type, generic lambdas, binary literals,…
auto, lambdas, threading,…
Default in g++
The C++ Prog. Manual (85-90)
C++98
C++03
C++11
C++14
Minor changes
Major changes
Minor changes
We’ll learn parts of C++-11,
Mostly parts that makes C++ more “pythonic” while keeping it efficient

6. Course Objectives Learn the language
Practice of programming data structures
Design
Testing & Debugging
Efficiency & Portability
Modularity

7. Course structure Overloading
The basic mechanism underlying many of the extensions.
Object Oriented programing
The C++ version.
Copying and Conversion
A hidden monster
Compile time polymorphism
Templates - Generics++.
Other topics
Statics, etc.
Some in the lecture, some in the Tirgul

8. First Program in C++
// This line includes the standard // I/O library file (similar to “copy here this file”) #include <iostream> int main() {    std::cout << "Hello class!\n";    return 0; }
<< operator – overload of left shift operator because of visual similarity to "pushing" (with some image nation…)
std::cout as a global object.
Type checking (does not exist in scanf / printf).

9. Compiling & Running…
In this course we’ll use ubuntu standalone or c9io (ubuntu on the cloud) with the gcc (gnu compiler collection):
> g++ -Wall -Wvla -Werror -g -D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG -std=c++11 hello.cpp –o hello
> hello
Hello class!
>

10. Fill in missing types from C, in somewhat crude way
The missing types
Fill in missing types from C, in somewhat crude way

11. strings in C++
#include <iostream> #include <string> int main() {    std::string str;    int a;    double b;    std::cin >> str >> a >> b;    if(std::cin.fail())    {       std::cerr << "input problem\n";       return 1;    }    std::cout << "I got: "<< str << ' '    << a << ' ' << b << std::endl; }
More about string functions:
Strings are *similar* but not the same as java strings.
They are not part of the language but part of the standard library

12. Boolean variables
#include <iostream> int main() {    int a = 5;    bool isZero = (a == 0);
// same conditions    if(!isZero && isZero==false &&    isZero!=true && !!! isZero && a ) {       std::cout << "a is not zero\n";    } }

13. Enum (C)

14. User Defined Type - enum
Enumerated data - a set of named constants. Usage: enum [identifier]{enumerator list}
enum Season {
WINTER, // = 0 by default
SPRING, // = WINTER + 1
SUMMER, // = WINTER AUTUMN // = WINTER + 3 };
enum {SUNDAY=1, MONDAY, TUESDAY, …}; // nameless
enum Color {BLACK,RED,GREEN,YELLOW,BLUE,WHITE=7,GRAY}; //

15. enum enum Season { WINTER, // = 0 by default SPRING, // = WINTER + 1
SUMMER, // = WINTER AUTUMN // = WINTER + 3 };
enum Season curr_season; curr_season= AUTUMN;
curr_season= 19; // legal, but ugly, g++: warning
int SUMMER; // error, redefinition int prev_season = SUMMER; // legal, but ugly, g++ warning

16. Use enum to eliminate magic numbers – alternative to #define

17. C++-11 enum class enum class Season : char { WINTER, // = 0 by default
SPRING, // = WINTER + 1
SUMMER, // = WINTER AUTUMN // = WINTER + 3 };
Season curr_season; curr_season= Season::AUTUMN;
curr_season= SUMMER; // won’t compile!
curr_season= 19; // won’t compile!
int prev_season= Season::SUMMER; // won’t compile!

18. enums – why? More readable code Code less error prone
Accessible for debugger
Use of the numerical values is not disabled
bad programming usually!

19. Understand and remember.
Overloading
Understand and remember.
More than syntactic sugar.
This is how a lot of stuff works under the hood (e.g. inheritance)

20. Function overloading - C
#include <stdio.h> void foo() {    printf ("foo()\n"); } void foo(int n) {    printf ("foo(%d)\n", n); } int main() {    foo(12);    foo();    return 0; }
Compilation output:
Error:
Multiple definition of foo

21. Function overloading – C++
#include <iostream> void foo() {    std::cout << "foo()\n"; } void foo(int n) {    std::cout<<"foo("<<n<<")\n"; } int main() {    foo(12);    foo(); }
Output:
Compile, and print:
foo(12)
foo()
How does the compiler solve this in the object file? Name mangeling
void Foo() becomes for example and foo(int) may become

22. Default parameters
#include <iostream> void foo(int n=5) {    std::cout << n; } int main() {       foo(); }
Output:
Compile, and print:
foo(5)
How does the compiler solve this in the object file? Name mangeling
void Foo() becomes for example and foo(int) may become

23. Overload resolution
Find all functions with same name “candidates”. Let’s call them Ω 1
Find Ω 2 ⊆ Ω 1 which have the correct number of arguments - “viable candidates”
Find Ω 3 ⊆ Ω 2 with best matching arguments.
if Ω 3 =1:
use that function.
else (0 or more than 1):
emit compilation error.