1. Objective: To examine the Red Scare of the 1950’s and beyond.
Cummings of the Daily Express, 24 August 1953, "Back to Where it all Started"

2. Hunting Communists at Home
· A dramatic fear of communism and communist spies spread across the nation.
Joseph Stalin and Kliment Voroshilov depicted saluting a military parade in Red Square above the message "Long Live the Worker-Peasant Red Army— a Dependable Sentinel of the Soviet Borders!"

3. Video: Atomic tests (4:35)
· In 1949, the U.S. learned that the Soviet Union also possessed atomic weapons.
Video: Atomic tests (4:35)

6. Video: “Duck and Cover” (1951 - 9:15)

7. “Lift Together”

8. State Coat of Arms of the USSR

9. Video: The World’s First Test of an H-Bomb (2:18)
Following the detonation of the "Bravo" hydrogen test in the Pacific, Igor Kurchatov, scientific director of the Soviet nuclear weapons program, and three other scientists wrote a report warning of the dangers of nuclear weapons. (1954)
“The power of one or two modern hydrogen bombs translated into an equivalent quantity of TNT is comparable to the total amount of explosives used by the fighting sides in the last world war.”
Igor Kurchatov

10. “Aside from the destructive impact of atomic and hydrogen bombs there is another threat for mankind involved in atomic war--poisoning the atmosphere and the surface of the globe with radioactive substances originating from nuclear explosions. In the form of minuscule particles and gases, these are lifted by the force of the blast together with dust particles to comparatively high altitudes. Wind spreads them all over the earth's atmosphere. Later these radioactive substances fall onto the surface of the earth with rain, snow, and dust, thus poisoning it.” - Igor Kurchatov

11. Video: H-bomb testing at Bikini Atoll (1:25)
“Radiation from that blast would later bring early death to many of us on the island at that time. Some of us are still dying of radiation from Bravo.” - Bob Markey, Sr., naval officer, stationed on the island of Kwajalein, 150 miles from Bikini Atoll.
Castle Bravo H-Bomb shot at Bikini Attoll. Largest H-Bomb ever exploded.
Video: H-bomb testing at Bikini Atoll (1:25)

12. Testing of an Atomic Cannon (1:17 - 1953)
Example of American fears of Communism:
- Americans, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, were accused of stealing nuclear secrets for the Soviets.
- The Rosenbergs were executed for their crimes in 1953.
Testing of an Atomic Cannon (1: )

13. McCarthy’s reckless claims:
· In 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy announced that he had a list of 205 State Department employees that were members of the Communist party.
Audio: Senator Joseph McCarthy Responds to E.R. Murrow on CBS's See It Now

14. · McCarthy’s claim was never proven, but he helped to increase a fear of communism in America known as the “Red Scare”.
· After thousands of Americans had their lives ruined after being accused of being communists, McCarthy’s popularity lessened as the nation learned that he had no proof behind his accusations.

15. Communists at the State Department:
- State Department official Alger Hiss was imprisoned for perjury in 1950.
- Hiss had lied under oath, denying that he was a part of a Soviet spy ring that sent U.S. government secrets to the Soviet Union.

16. The Cold War:

17. The Cold War:

18. The Cold War in Africa and Asia
· The United States and Soviet Union supported their allies worldwide, turning small conflicts into international wars.
Examples:
- In Africa, the U.S. supported Somalia while the Soviets supported Ethiopia.
- In Asia, Pakistan became an ally of the U.S., while India accepted assistance from both the U.S. and the Soviets. Also, the U.S. supported democratic forces in Indochina while the Soviets supported the communists.
- (Note: today, what used to be Indochina consists of the nations of Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam.)

19. Who makes it into space first?
The Soviet Union

20. Belief Systems of the Superpowers
United States
Believes America is the Greatest Land of All!
Believes U.S. will get into space first
Believes the Soviet Union is evil
Average American believes U.S. technology is better
Soviet Union
Believes the U.S.S.R. is the Greatest Land of All!
Believes U.S.S.R. will get into space first
Believes the United States is evil
Average Soviet believes Russian technology is better

21. Sputnik I—Who Was Responsible?
Sputnik I was the first satellite launched into orbit on October 4, 1957
Sputnik was an aluminum ball with four antennas and two radio transmitters inside
It gave off a beeping radio signal for 23 days
How big was Sputnik?...

23. And from the inside…

24. Sputnik II Launches with Laika on November 3, 1957

25. American Fears Space Race Score: U.S.S.R. 2, U.S.A. 0
Sputnik I: 183 lbs
Sputnik II: over 1,100 lbs, launched one month later
If U.S.S.R. is evil, then what’s next?
Would the Soviets launch missiles at us?
Can we defend ourselves if they do?

26. American Response Launch a satellite into space!
We might not be first, but we MUST prove we can do it
If we can’t, is communism really better?
If we can’t, can we protect ourselves?
December 1957: 1st attempt fails when Vanguard TV3 crashes on the launch pad
America is embarrassed
January 1958: 2nd attempt succeeds as Explorer I is sent into orbit
At least we can do what the Soviets can…the playing field has been somewhat leveled

27. Eisenhower’s Reaction
President Eisenhower thought: If Russia made it to outer space first, we’re not good enough. How can we get better?
Eisenhower decided the U.S. needed to reorganize its space program
NASA was born on July 29, 1958: it would be responsible for all non-military things connected to space exploration
The U.S. can compete—The Space Race will continue…