1. Plant Cell
Yeast Cell
Animal Cell
Cell wall
Bacterial Cell
No nucleus
Oils and fats
B2) Biology
Protein
Sperm cell
Plant Nutrients
Nitrates from the soil- contain nitrogen to make proteins
COPS
Uses of glucose
( as well as respiration) N
Egg cell
Algae
Starch
Used in lungs O2 diffuses into the blood and CO2 diffuses into lungs
Cellulose
Root hair cell
Keywords:, cell membrane ,Chloroplast, Vacuole, Cell wall, Nucleus, Ribosome, mitochondria
What adaptations do these cells have for their jobs?
Plant
organs
Plants and algae do photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen
Red blood cell
Light and chlorophyll are also needed
PLANT TISSUES
Waxy epidermal layer is waterproof
Palisade layer-cells contain lots of chloroplasts to capture light- most photosynthesis
Stomata on lower surface to allow gases in/out
Mesophyll – middle bit of the leaf where photosynthesis happens
3 Limiting factors -light
-temperature
-CO2
At first as CO2
increases so does photosynthesis
but only up to a certain point
Here light or temperature is the limiting factor.
Nerve cell
White blood cell
Limiting factor, chlorophyll, epidermal, mesophyll, palisade, specialised cell, nitrates, cellulose, starch, diffusion, glucose, algae

2. 1) 2) 3)
A cell nucleus contains 46 (23 pairs) of Chromosomes, which carry genes. Different versions of genes are called alleles.
Uses of Enzymes
-Biological washing powders
-In baby foods
-In slimming foods- fructose is made using isomerases. Fructose is sweeter than glucose so less is needed.
Polydactyly:
An inherited disorder where the person has more than the usual number of toes
Enzymes –biological catalysts that speed up reactions e.g. respiration in the mitochondria
Reactions in the cytoplasm
1) Enzyme and substrate
2)Substrate binds to active site
3) Substrate is broken down
Meiosis –used to make the sex cells (gametes)
-the chromosomes are copied
-cell divides twice to give four cells
- The cells have half the usual number of chromosomes
Inheritance- Parents who are both carriers of the Cystic fibrosis allele (c).
Parents Cc x Cc
Gametes C or c x C or c
(egg/sperm) C c
Possible Outcomes C
75% Normal c
25% sufferers CC Cc cc
Mitosis-used for normal cell growth
1) Parent cell
2) Chromosomes make identical copies of themselves
3)They line up along the centre
4) They move apart
5)Two daughter cells form each with 46 chromosomes, ie identical to the parent cell
Enzymes and digestion
Large molecules are broken down so they
can be absorbed.
-Amylase breaks down starch into sugars in the mouth and small intestine.
-Proteases breakdown proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.
-Lipases breakdown fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.
Starch glucose
Cystic Fibrosis
Caused by recessive allele (so two copies of allele are needed).
A thick sticky mucus is produced affecting air passages and digestive systems
Distribution of organisms- sample with quadrats randomly or on a transect
Mendel’s peas
46=chromosomes in normal cell
23=chromosomes in sex cells
Fossils: Evidence of past species, some of which are now extinct, or have evolved through natural selection into different species (speciation)
Meiosis, mitosis, gene, chromosome, stem cells, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, monohybrid, polydactyly