1. Aerodynamics & Flight Anseriformes 3 families, 162 species
Male Wood duck. All of the photos of ducks that follow are males. Wood Ducks nest in holes in trees, or in artificial nest boxes.
Anseriformes 3 families, 162 species

2. Anhimidae -- Screamers
Slender toes with rudimentary web at the toes’ base. Stout spurs at the bend of the wings. Their skin is filled with small air bubbles like bubble rap and produces a crackling sound when pressed.
3 S American species

3. Anseranatidae – Magpie Goose
The odd Magpie Goose of Australia has a long hind toe and partially webbed feet. It breeds in large colonies and presents food to its young, a unique behavior among waterfowl.
Anseranatidae – Magpie Goose

4. Anatidae
Mute Swans

5. Canada Geese

6. Bufflehead

7. Common Goldeneye

8. American Widgeon

9. Surf Scoters. San Francisco bay supports 40% of the Pacific flyway’s winter scoter population. Sea and Bay duck populations have declined precipitously in the past 20 years. Perhaps related to introduction of the Asian Clam in In early 1990s , this clam reached peak densities of 10,000 per square meter in SFB. This clam accumulates higher concentrations of heavy metals in its tissues than native clams.

10. Hooded Merganser

11. Common Eider

12. Mallard

13. Canvasback

14. Conservation Ducks Unlimited National Audubon Society
700,000-member wetland conservation organization
National Audubon Society
500,000 members

15. Aerodynamics & Flight Aerodynamics of soaring flight Flapping flight
Wing types
Types of flight

16. THRUST = DRAG LIFT = WEIGHT

17. Primaries mainly thrust Secondaries mainly lift
Black-bellied plover wing museum/SEPLwing3.jpg
Primaries mainly thrust
Secondaries mainly lift

18. Airfoil

19. Bernoulli’s Principle

20. Lift increases with
Angle of attack
Surface area
Air speed squared

21. Lift increases with angle of attack

27. Video clip from Life of Birds detailing aerodynamics of flight.

29. Larger birds have proportionately smaller wings and must fly faster
Speed = k M1/6
10 kg bird flies 2.2 faster than 0.1 kg bird

30. Drag Viscous resistance encountered as bird moves through the air
Two types of drag: profile and induced
Profile drag results from air flow over the body, reduced by streamlining
Induced drag more complex

31. Induced drag
Wingtip vortex

32. C-130

36. Magnitude of induced drag depends upon wing loading and aspect ratio

37. Wing loading = weight/wing area
Induced drag is directly proportional to wing loading

38. Aspect ratio Induced drag is inversely related to aspect ratio
The higher the aspect ratio the lower the flight costs

39. Aspect ratio = wing span/mean chord

43. Deflection currents

44. Dynamic soaring

46. Flapping flight

48. Video clip from Life of Birds showing pigeon launching into the air
Video clip from Life of Birds showing pigeon launching into the air. Vertical take-off demands so much energy that birds a little bigger than a pigeon cannot do this twice in succession.