1. The Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

2. Christianity in Europe
In 1500, Christianity was mostly limited to Europe - Divisions: Roman Catholic / Eastern Orthodox
On the defensive against Islam - Loss of Holy Land by Fall of Constantinople in Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1529

3. Protestant Reformation
Began in 1517 – Martin Luther’s 95 theses (discuss) - salvation through faith alone, not good deeds - no need for indulgences - questioned religious hierarchy
Luther - printing press – bible in vernacular
Lots of divisions of Protestantism spread therefore there were several religious wars –1598: French Wars of Religion (Catholics vs. Huguenots) –1648: the Thirty Years’ War in the Holy Roman Empire (mostly today’s Germany). Constantine, etc.

4. 95 Theses

5. Catholic Reformation
The Protestant Reformation provoked a counter Catholic Reformation - stopped indulgences - ended much corruption
New religious 0rders - Jesuits – spread Christianity, even went to China as missionaries - Dominicans and Franciscans as well

6. Christianity Outward Bound
Imperialism enabled the globalization of Christianity - Spain, Portugal, France - Portuguese missionaries led in Africa and Asia - Spanish and French were prominent in the Americas - Russian Orthodox missionaries worked in Siberia
European success encouraged belief that the old gods had been defeated
Christians didn’t confront a literate world religion - no holy texts = easier to convert
Confucians, Buddhists, Hindus, and Muslims resisted  Christianity much more

7. Holy Virgin Cathedral - Russia

8. Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America
Population collapse, conquest and resettlement made conversion possible - vast majority baptized by 1700
Europeans tried to destroy native religions
Sometimes had to blend Christianity with old religions - Christian saints took on functions of precolonial gods - many rituals survived with some Christian influence

9. Brazilian Savior

10. China and the Jesuits Needed government permission for operation
Especially targeted the official Chinese elite
Were respectful of Chinese culture, tried to accommodate it
Not much conversion at all - efforts gained 200,000–300,000 converts in 250 years

11. Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions
Religious elements came w/ slaves to the Americas - Europeans tried to suppress African “sorcery” - but elements of voodoo, Santeria, etc. remained
Islamic “renewal” in Arabian Peninsula - founder Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) was a theologian - ended veneration of saints - aimed to restore strict adherence to the sharia (Islamic law) - women were expected to subject themselves to husbands - “idols” were destroyed - tobacco, hashish, and musical instruments were banned

12. Islamic “renewal” As a Muslim, you are forbidden to drink alcohol.
This is why Muslim women must marry Muslim men in some countries.
Stoning. One of the consequences of not adhering to Sharia Law in many Islamic countries.

13. China – Back to Old Traditions
China still followed Confucianism -added Buddhist and Daoist ideas (neo-Confucianism)
Elite Believed: kaozheng - “research based on evidence” - emphasized need for analysis, instead of unsupported speculation - led to new works on agriculture, medicine, etc - scientific approach to knowledge
Lively popular culture among the less well educated - production of plays, paintings, and literature

14. India: The Hindu/Muslim Divide
bhakti - achieve union with the divine through songs, prayers, dances, poetry, and rituals - appealed especially to women - often set aside caste distinctions - much common ground with Sufism, helped to blur the line  between Islam and Hinduism in India
Sikhism Spread – Blend of Hinduism and Islam - founder: Guru Nanak.. grew in Punjab region - evolved into a militant community in response to hostility

15. Guru Nanak

16. The Birth of Modern Science
Scientific Revolution - was based on careful observations, controlled experiments, and formulation of general laws to explain the world
Significance - challenged the teachings and authority of the Church - challenged ancient social hierarchies and political systems - also used to legitimize racial and gender inequality
Inventions : Microscope / Telescope

17. New Inventions

18. Why Europe??? Islamic world - most advanced scientifically 800–1400
China’s technology – unmatched for centuries following the millennium
European Conditions - legal system allowed autonomy for institutions - first corporations – Dutch/English East India
Islamic world – science not in university system
China – civil service exams – classical Confucian texts - no autonomy for higher learning institutions - disdain for science and philosophy

19. Dutch East India Company

20. Science as Cultural Revolution
Aristotle and Ptolemy - earth is stationary, at the center of the universe - a universe of divine purpose
Nicolaus Copernicus - On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) - earth and the planets revolved around the sun - Kepler and Galileo built on his ideas
Isaac Newton - formulated laws of motion and mechanics - central concept: universal gravitation - natural laws of the universe

21. Isaac Newton

22. End of the Scientific Revolution
By Newton’s death - different view of the physical universe - functioned according to mathematical principles - the “machine of the universe” is self-regulating - knowledge of the universe can be obtained through reason - the heart as a pump rather than as mysterious center of the body’s passions, etc.

23. The Enlightenment Adam Smith – laissez-faire John Locke – tabula rasa
Rousseau – social contract
Montesquieu – separation of powers
Voltaire – deism “like a clock”

24. Thanks Montesquieu and Rousseau
Montesquieu and “separation of powers”
Rousseau and his “social contract”

25. Adam Smith

26. European Science beyond the West
Science became the most widely desired product of European culture - but early modern Asia was only modestly interested
Mostly interested in astronomy and mathematics
Japan - some European contact via the Dutch
Ottoman Empire chose not to translate major European scientific works
Islamic educational system was conservative, made it hard for theoretical science to do well

27. Confucianism in China

28. 19th Advances in Science and Theory
Charles Darwin - argued that all of life was in flux - origin of species / the descent of man – evolution
Karl Marx / Engels – socialism / communism’
Sigmund Freud - cast doubt on human rationality

29. Reflections
Ideas shape peoples’ mental or cultural worlds and influence behavior. - many early modern ideas are still highly significant
The development of early modern ideas took place in an environment of great cultural borrowing. - borrowing was selective - borrowing sometimes caused serious conflict - efforts to stop cultural influence - efforts to suppress the original culture