1. Current technologies for the marine biofouling control
Fani Sakellariadou
Prof. in Geochemical Oceanography
University of Piraeus, Dept of Maritime Studies
ICABE 2013

2. Biofouling
Accumulation of unwanted biological species at an interface of an artificial structure immersed in seawater.
ICABE 2013

3. Degradation of the vessel’s performance: Hydrodynamic drag increases
Negative impacts
Degradation of the vessel’s performance:
Hydrodynamic drag increases
Hull friction increases
Fuel consumption increases
Ship slows down
Vessel becomes more sluggish and less manoeuvrable
Results
→ increased use of manpower
→ increased use of fuel
→ increased use of material and dry
docking time
→ increased costs for the shipping
industry
ICABE 2013

4. Aquaculture Negative impacts Cage deformation and structural fatigue
Restriction of water exchange across the net
Reduction of water quality
Fish health problems
Negative impacts
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5. shipping : 1046 million tonnes CO2 (3.3% of global)
2007:
shipping : 1046 million tonnes CO2 (3.3% of global)
international shipping: 870 million tonnes CO2 (2.7% of global)
No action
European Commission Joint Research Centre:
GHG from ships will increase by % by 2050.
Hull protection from biofouling
to reduce
ICABE 2013

6. Biofouling control records from 700BC.
Plutarch ( A.D.), Symposiacs, Book II, Question VII cleaning of ship hulls.
Biofouling control
records from 700BC.
Organometallic paints (Cu, As, Hg oxides) widely used till the early fifties
1960s: organotin paints were commercialised.
1970s: TBT based self polishing copolymer (SPC) paints
a new era up to 5 years fouling free performance.
ICABE 2013

7. early 1980s: TBT extremely toxic to aquatic life
poisonous substance
widespread, unsustainable harm to the marine environment.
1990, MEPC, adoption of a recommendation resolution:
Governments adopt measures to
reduce the use of TBT paints on non-aluminium hulled vessels < 25 m length
eliminate the use of antifouling paints with a leaching rate of > 4 μg TBT/day.
1998, MEPC, approval of a draft Assembly resolution:
2008 deadline for the complete prohibition of organotins as biocides in antifouling systems on ships.
2001, IMO, “The International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems on Ships (ICAFS)”.
17/9/2008: came into force.
Ban of organotins use in antifouling paints.
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8. Sn replacement by Cu and Zn based coatings with a biocide component.
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9. Biocide-free foul release coatings Biocidal antifouling paints
Nowadays
Future environmental legislation:
Unlikely to be affected.
Biocide-free foul release coatings
Biocidal antifouling paints
Coating inhibits successful attachment of marine biota.
Coating releases chemicals inhibiting settlement of marine biota.
Physical action
Biocide absence
Chemical action
Biocide release
Silicone or fluoropolymer
Hydrolyzing silyl acrylate antifouling
better resistance to slime
ultra smooth, slippery surface
ICABE 2013

10. Energy and Environmental Research Associates, 2011:
9% average reduce of GHGs by fluoropolymer foul release technology.
Main manufacturers of biofouling control paints (complying with IMO document AFS/CONF/26)
HEMPEL A/S
PPG/SIGMA COATINGS
CHUGOKU Marine Paints (CMP) S.A
INTERNATIONAL PAINT
JOTUN MARINE COATINGS.
ICABE 2013

11. Table 1. List of main organotin free antifouling paints (complying with IMO document AFS/CONF/26) and their characteristics.
COMPANY
PRODUCT
Anti Fouling type
Mechanism
Vessel’s type and
operation
Sea water
Dry-Docking Interval
HEMPEL A/S
OLYMPIC
Self polishing
Ion-
exchange
High speed.
High activity.
Short idle periods.
Not overly aggressive fouling waters
Up to 36 months
OCEANIC
Self polishing SPC
Hydrolysis +
Low to medium speed.
Low to medium activity.
Short to
medium idle periods.
Medium aggressive
fouling waters
Up to 60 months
OCEANIC
Self
polishing SPC
Medium to high speed.
GLOBIC
Low friction, self-smoothening SPC
nano-capsule acrylates fine tuned
interaction with seawater.
Medium activity.
Medium aggressive fouling waters
Up to 60
months
GLOBIC
interaction with seawater
Aggressive fouling waters
Up to 90 months
GLOBIC
Low to high speed.
Aaggressive fouling waters
DYNAMIC 79540
Self- polishing, self- smoothening
Hydrolyzing silyl acrylate
DYNAMIC 79560
Mediumto high speed.
DYNAMIC 79580
Low to medium
speed.
Coastal trade.

12. High and medium activity. Deep sea trade. Prolonged periods
COMPANY
PRODUCT
Anti
Fouling
type
Mechanism
Vessel’s type and
operation
Sea water
Dry-Docking Interval
PPG, SIGMA COATINGS
SIGMA ALPHAGEN 230
Self-polishing
Cuprous oxide +
organic biocides
High and medium activity.
Deep sea trade.
Prolonged periods
depending on sailing pattern and routes
SIGMA ALPHAGEN 240
SIGMA ALPHAGEN 650
Coastal operation
Aggressive fouling waters
Long service periods
SIGMA ECOFLEET 238A
SIGMA ECOFLEET 290
Up to 60 months
SIGMA ECOFLEET 530
SIGMA ECOFLEET 690
Coastal, low activity
Extreme and aggressive fouling waters
SIGMA NEXEON 750
Cu-free
Static, low speed.
Low activity.
Long stationary periods
SIGMA SYLADVANCE 700
Self-polishing and self-smoothing
Hydrolysing silyl acrylate
High and medium activity
SIGMA SYLADVANCE 800
Hydrolyzing organosilyl polymer

13. CHUGOKU Marine Paints (CMP) S.A SEAFLO NEO Self-polishing
COMPANY
PRODUCT
Anti
Fouling
type
Mechanism
Vessel’s type and
operation
Sea water
Dry-Docking Interval
CHUGOKU Marine Paints (CMP) S.A
SEAFLO NEO
Self-polishing
Hydrolysing polymer
SEAFLO NEO SL
Silyl polymer and
micro pigmentation
Up to 90 months
SEA
GRANDPRIX
660HS
Hydrolysis compounds and hydrophobic polymers
Up to 60 months
330R
220HS
Up to 36 months period on vertical
bottom and 60 months on flat bottom
CF-10
Hydrolysis
and Zn- polymer
Cu free
1000L
and
silyl acrylate polymer
MARK II
Silyl/

14. Super-hydrophilic polymer
COMPANY
PRODUCT
Anti
Fouling
type
Mechanism
Vessel’s type and
operation
Sea water
Dry-Docking Interval
INTERNATIONAL PAINT
Intercept 8000 LPP
Linear polishing
Super-hydrophilic polymer +
Biocide
Deep sea
Up to 90 months
Intersmooth 7465Si
Self-polishing
Hydrolysing silyl acrylate polymer
Intersmooth 7460/7465HS
Copper acrylate copolymer
Interswift 6800HS
Copper acrylate SPC and rosin-based CDP
Up to 60 months
Interswift 6900Si
Hydrolysing silyl acrylate SPC and CDP
Interswift 6600
Copper acrylate
SPC and CDP technologies
Interspped 6400/6200
CDP
Up to 36 months
Interspeed 6200
Interspeed 6200NA

15. Self polishing and self smoothing Controlled and linear polishing
COMPANY
PRODUCT
Anti
Fouling
type
Mechanism
Vessel’s type and
operation
Sea water
Dry-Docking Interval
JOTUN MARINE COATINGS
Sea Quantum
Ultra S
Self polishing and self smoothing Controlled and linear polishing
Hydrolysis of silyl acrylate polymer
Low activity vessels
Up to 90 months
Pro
Universal trade
Up to 90 months (3 coats)
Static
Static and laid-up
24 months (additional time as a last coat on top of paint system
Up to 36 months (low voyage vessels)
Plus S
High activity
Classic S
Medium activity
Sea Quantum S200
Hydrolysis of silyl methacrylate
SeaMate HB66
Controlled and linear polishing
Silyl acrylate Biocide
Up to 60 months (2 coats)
Sea Force 30
Linear and predictable polishing
Global trade
Up to 36 months
Sea Force 60
Selected areas
Up to 60 months
Sea Force 90
Synthetic polymers

16. INTERNATIONAL, PROTECTIVE COATINGS
Table 2. Fuel savings for selected organotin free antifouling paints.
COMPANY
PRODUCT
Fuel savings
PPG, SIGMA COATINGS
SIGMA SYLADVANCE 800
3-5%
INTERNATIONAL, PROTECTIVE COATINGS
Intersmooth 7465Si 4%
Intersmooth 7460/7465HS
Interswift 6900Si
15%
JOTUN MARINE COATINGS
Sea Quantum
Pro 7%
Sea Quantum S200
ICABE 2013

17. Table 3. List of main biociode-free foul release coatings and their characteristics.
COMPANY
PRODUCT
Mechanism
Vessel’s type and
operation
Paint consumption
Lifetime
HEMPEL A/S
HEMPASIL X *
Hydrogel
and
Siliocone polymer
Speed above 8 knots
CHUGOKU Marine Paints (CMP) S.A
BIOCLEAN HB
Silicone
INTERNATIONAL, PROTECTIVE COATINGS
Intersleek 425
Silicone based
Fast craft
Intersleek 700
Deep sea
Intersleek 900
Fluoropolymer technology
All vessels above 10
knots
Intersleek1100SR
Intersleek 1100SR
Slim release coating
All vessels
A single full coat every 5 years
JOTUN MARINE COATINGS
SeaLion repulse
Nanorepellent
Up to 10 years with a touch up after 5 years.
ICABE 2013

18. Need of total biofouling removal clean it off
Biofilm or slime layer development results to a fuel penalty of > 20%.
Need of total biofouling removal
clean it off
drydock
Underwater
cleaning
Complex, expensive, time-consuming activity
ports do not permit it.
Serious environmental impacts
ICABE 2013

19. Ecospeed product A new environmentally safe approach 2010
Hydrex, “environmentally sound and efficient”
TBT-free,
Cu-free
biocide-free
vinyl ester resin base, reinforced with glass platelets
underwater cleaning
10 y guaranteed LT
25 y expected LT
Mid early 2010:
Significant fuel consumption reduction
Significant reduction of GHGs
Limitation/prevention of NIS spread
Drydock intervals increase
Marine chemical pollution prevention
Rotterdam, Antwerp, Copenhagen, Oslo and Barcelona ports (with underwater cleaning ban) decided to permit in case of hulls coated with Ecospeed.
ICABE 2013

20. Comparison of three marine biofouling control products Ecospeed
a foul release coating
copper based SPC anitifouling paint
Ecospeed
more expensive initial application than an SPC
10 to 25 years period:
Ecospeed (only local touch-ups)
significantly lower costs than the other two techniques.
IMO, world fleet annual fuel consumption : million tonnes.
IMO, world fleet annual CO2 output: 850 million billion tonnes.
EU LIFE Project ECOTEC-STC: Ecospeed use by 80% of the world fleet instead of biocidal antifoulings corresponds to 28.5 million tonnes of fuels annual save and a drop of 90 million tonnes in annual CO2 output.
ICABE 2013

21. Serious issue tolerating the maritime industry for centuries
Marine biofouling
Serious issue tolerating the maritime industry for centuries
Need for products
with an environmentally acceptable antifouling performance
allowing a long dry-docking interval
corresponding to low costs :
Driving forces for the development of successful non-toxic antifouling coatings:
rising cost of fuels
growing environmental concerns over pollution
IMO, regional and local legislation
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22. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
ICABE 2013