1. The Behaviorist Perspective
Learning Theory

2. What is the Behaviorist Perspective?
There has been, since the beginning of Professional Psychology, and attempt to make the study of psychology scientific.
Attempts to study and research human subjectivity presented many research methods problems…thus researchers sought to resolve those issues by focusing on human behavior.

3. The Behavioral Perspective
For Behaviorist, the unit of study was the particular behavior, not thoughts nor feelings.
How do we learn behaviors?

4. Three Theories on Learning behavior
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning (modeling).

5. Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov – Russian Psychologist
Involuntary Learning by association.
A stimulus – response model

6. Classical Conditioning

7. Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus – a natural stimulus,
such as food.
Unconditioned response – such as salivating to the sight of food

8. Classical Condition Neutral Stimulus – such a bell
Associate the bell with the food, (ring bell present food)

9. Classical Conditioning
Conditioned stimulus – the bell
Conditioned response – salivating to the sound of the bell.

10. Classical Conditioning
Acquisition – acquiring, that is, learning a new behavior, such as salivating to the sound of the bell.

11. Classical Condition
Generalization – responding to different but similar stimuli in the same manner.
For example, being conditioned to the sound of a bell tone A, then responding to a bell with tone B in the same manner.

12. Classical Conditioning
Discrimination – recognizing, distinguishing and responding similar but different stimuli differently.
For example salivating to the sound of bell A but not the sound of bell B or bell C.

13. Classical Conditioning
Extinction – when a conditioned response disappears.
Spontaneous recovery – when a conditioned response that became extinct, suddenly returns.

14. Classical Conditioning
Provide some examples of classical conditioning

15. Operant Conditioning Developed by B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning is shaping voluntary behavior through a system of rewards and punishment.
Shaping is produced by rewarding successive approximations of the behavior you want.

16. Operant Conditioning
Successive approximations are reinforced by rewards.
Reinforcement is anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.

17. Operant Conditioning
Positive reinforcement – anything that is experienced as positive: affection, food, money, good grades.
Negative reinforcement – unpleasant or unwanted reinforcement that increase the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated.

18. Observational Learning
Also known as Modeling.
Learning by observation and imitation.
Developed by Albert Bandura.