1. Cell Transport Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Cell Cycle
Cell Processes
Cell Transport
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Cell Cycle

2. Exchange with the Environment
Diffusion- the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Osmosis- the diffusion of water across a cell membrane

3. No energy required

4. Cell in Action
Passive transport- the diffusion of particles through proteins in the cell membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration- no energy
Active transport- the movement of particles through proteins in the cell membrane against the direction of diffusion
---requires cells to use energy(active transport)

6. Cell in Action
Endocytosis -the process in which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring it into the cell
Exocytosis- the process used to remove large particles from a cell; a vesicle containing the particles fuses with the cell

8. Cell Energy
Photosynthesis- the process by which plants capture light energy from the sun and convert it into sugar
Cellular respiration- the process of producing ATP from oxygen and glucose; releases carbon dioxide as a waste product

9. Photosynthesis

10. Photosynthesis

11. 6CO2 + 6H2O ---------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sunlight energy
Photosynthesis can be represented using a chemical equation.
The overall balanced equation is...
6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sunlight energy
Where: CO2 = carbon dioxide  H2O = water Light energy is required C6H12O6 = glucose O2 = oxygen
Learn these formulas

12. Photosynthesis: transforms light energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of sugar-occurs in chloroplast
o Uses carbon dioxide and water
o Produces oxygen and glucose
o Opposite of cellular respiration
occurs in mitochondria

13. Cellular Respiration

14. Cellular Respiration Equation
ATP
heat

17. ATP ATP ATP
The molecule that supplies energy to fuel the activities of the cell
Formed during cellular respiration in the mitochondria
Adenosine triphosphate

18. Glucose Is a carbohydrate-a form of sugar Product of photosynthesis
C6H12O6
The energy in glucose is- used by plant’s cells
Some glucose may be stored in the form of other carbohydrates or lipids
Used as raw material(reactant ) in cellular respiration

19. Light Energy
Cellular
ATP
Heat

21. Fermentation
 Fermentation is the breakdown of sugars to make ATP in the absence of oxygen   
  All organisms must break down food molecules in order to release the stored energy. When this is done without oxygen – it is called FERMENTATION
Anerobic= without oxygen

22. 2 types of fermentation
1- Your muscles need energy faster than your body can provide oxygen to your cells to produce ATP by cellular respiration---
Fermentation produces lactic acid---and muscle fatigue
Result: small amount of ATP because glucose is only partially broken down
2- fermentation that occurs in some bacteria and fungi
Ex. Yeast can make carbon dioxide and alcohol during fermentation of sugar.

23. Cell Cycle The life cycle of the cell
In eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus) it consists of 3 parts
1-Interphase: cell growth and chromosome duplication
2- Mitosis (PMAT)
3- Cytokinesis

25. CELL CYCLE

26. Chromosome
Coiled structure of DNA and protein that forms in the cell nucleus during cell division
Humans have 46 chromosomes

27. Homologous Chromosomes
Chromosomes with matching or similar information
Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes
Potatoes have 24 pairs of homologous chromosomes
An organism’s number of chromosomes has nothing to do with its complexity

28. Binary Fission
The simple cell division in which one cell splits into two
Used by bacteria

29. Chromatids Identical copies of a chromosome
After each chromosome is duplicated(copied)- the 2 copies are called CHROMATIDS

30. Centromere
The region that holds chromatids together when a chromosome is duplicated(copied)

31. Mitosis
Nuclear division in eukaryotic cells in which each cell receives a copy of the original chromosomes
Mitosis makes sure each new cell receives a copy of each chromosome
Consists of 4 phases- PMAT
Prophase, Metaphase,Anaphase and Telophase
Second stage of cell cycle

32. Cytokinesis The process in which cytoplasm divides after mitosis
Animal cells-The cell membrane pinches in to form a groove—eventually pinching ALL the way through the cell
2 daughter cells formed
***Plant cells: Have a cell wall- these cells must first form a cell plate –in the middle of the cell-this becomes the cell membrane- then new cell wall formed

33. Cytokinesis