1. BIOLOGY
Cellular Respiration

2. Overview of photosynthesis and respiration
SUN
RADIANT ENERGY
CELL
ACTIVITIES
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RESPIRATION
GLUCOSE
ATP(ENERGY)

3. EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
WATER
OXYGEN
6CO2 +
6H2O +
ENERGY
C6H12O6 +
6O2
CARBON DIOXIDE
GLUCOSE

4. EQUATION FOR RESPIRATION
CARBON DIOXIDE
ATP
GLUCOSE
C6H12O6 +
6O2
6CO2 +
6H2O +
ENERGY
OXYGEN
WATER

5. RESPIRATION CYTOPLASMGLYCOLOSIS HAPPENS HERE! CO2 IS RELEASED
PROTEINS
CARBO’S
(SUGARS)
FATS
(LIPIDS)
GLUCOSE
C6H12O6
AMINO
ACIDS
MAKES
2 ATPS
GLYCOLOSIS
IN CYTOPLASM
NO OXYGEN!
ATP TOTALS
GLYCOLOSIS=2
RESPIRATION=34
BOTH=36!
PYRUVIC
ACID
CO2 IS RELEASED
ACETYL-CoA
O2 ENTERS HERE
KREBS CYCLE
AND
ELECTRON
TANSPORT
MAKES
34 ATPS
MITOCHONDRIARESPIRATION HAPPENS IN THIS ORGANELLE!

6. Cellular Respiration
A cellular process that requires oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can be used as energy sources. Most often involves breaking down glucose to make CO2, H2O, and ATP.
Catabolism breaks down molecules that can also be used for anabolism to build other compounds.

7. Glycolysis
It was discovered by Gustav Embden , Otto Meyerhof ,J. Parnas therefore it is also called as EMP Pathway

8. Glycolysis
Energy within a glucose molecule is released slowly so that ATP can be produced gradually.
2 ATP used to activate glucose that splits into PGAL.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Oxidation of PGAL results in four high-energy phosphate groups, making four ATP.
NAD+ and FAD are oxidation-reduction enzymes active during cellular respiration.

9. Substrate-level Phosphorylation

10. Inside the Mitochondria
End product of glycolysis, pyruvate, enters the mitochondria, where it is oxidized to carbon dioxide during the transition reaction and citric acid cycle.

11. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the junction between glycolysis and the Citric Acid cycle

12. Transition Reaction
Connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

13. Citric Acid Cycle
Originally called Krebs cycle.

14. A summary of the Krebs cycle
For each molecule of Acetyl CoA, the Citric Acid Cycle produces 2 ATP and 2 CO2 molecules.
Has 8 steps with 8 different enzymes.

15. Electron Transport System
As electrons pass down the electron transport system, energy is captured and ATP is produced.
Oxidative phosphorylation refers to the production of ATP as a result of energy released by the electron transport system.
The total of ATP produced by ETS is calculated by allowing 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2 that enter the ETS.

16. NAD+ as an electron shuttle

17. Figure 9.5 An introduction to electron transport chains

18. Chemiosmosis couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis
Yellow arrow = electron flow
Red arrow = proton flow to form ATP

19. Figure 9.14 ATP synthase, a molecular mill

20. Cellular Respiration Summary

21. Control of Cellular Respiration
The important switch in the control of respiration is the enzyme phosphofructokinase.
This enzyme catalyzes step 3 of glycolysis.
Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by ADP or AMP.
It is also inhibited by citric acid. This synchronizes the rates of glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.

22. Fermentation
Glycolysis followed by reduction of pyruvate by NADH to either lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic
pathway.
Can provide
rapid burst of
ATP.
Lactic Acid
Fermentation is
common in
muscle cells.

23. Fermentation Alcohol--yeast produce wine and beer and
cause bread to rise.
Lactic Acid—bacteria produce yogurt, sauerkraut, cheese. Also in muscle cells when working anaerobically.

24. Comparison of Cellular Respiration versus Fermentation
One mole of glucose yields 686 kcal in a colorimeter.
Cellular respiration has a yield of about 263 kcal.
263/686 = 38% of available energy is used. What happened to the rest?
Fermentation yields only 2 ATP or about 15/686 or 2% of available energy.

25. Figure 9.2 A review of how ATP drives cellular work