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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
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Oxidation/reduction reactions
Oxidation: loss of electrons, release of energy Reduction: gain of electrons, storing of energy Leo sez ger Oil rig Coupling of reactions
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What kind of cells have mitochondria?
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Overview of aerobic cellular respiration: #1
Electrons carried via NADH Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate Cytosol ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation
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Overview of aerobic cellular respiration: #2
Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Glucose Pyruvate Mitochondrion Cytosol ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation
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Overview of aerobic cellular respiration: #3
Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Glucose Pyruvate Mitochondrion Cytosol ATP ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation
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GLYCOLYSIS
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Glucose ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate ATP 1 ADP Glucose
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Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Phosphogluco- isomerase Fructose-6-phosphate
ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Phosphoglucoisomerase 2 Phosphogluco- isomerase Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate
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Fructose-6-phosphate Phosphofructo- kinase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate
Glucose ATP 1 1 Hexokinase ADP Fructose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate 2 2 Phosphoglucoisomerase ATP 3 Phosphofructo- kinase Fructose-6-phosphate ATP 3 3 ADP Phosphofructokinase ADP Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate
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Aldolase Isomerase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate 4 5 Dihydroxyacetone
Glucose ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate 4 Fructose-6-phosphate Aldolase ATP 3 Phosphofructokinase ADP 5 Isomerase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate 4 Aldolase 5 Isomerase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate
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1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 NAD+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NADH 2 P i + 2 H+ 2 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate 2 NAD+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 P 2 NADH i + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
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2 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 7
2 NAD+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NADH 2 P i + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 7 Phosphoglycero- kinase 2 ATP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate
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2 3-Phosphoglycerate 8 Phosphoglycero- mutase 2 2-Phosphoglycerate
2 NAD+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NADH 2 P i + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 8 Phosphoglyceromutase 8 Phosphoglycero- mutase 2 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 2-Phosphoglycerate
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2 2-Phosphoglycerate Enolase 2 H2O 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 9 2 NAD+ 6 2
Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NADH 2 P i + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 8 Phosphoglyceromutase 9 Enolase 2 H2O 2 2-Phosphoglycerate 9 Enolase 2 H2O 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate
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2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 10 Pyruvate kinase 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+
6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NADH 2 P i + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 8 10 Phosphoglyceromutase Pyruvate kinase 2 ATP 2 2-Phosphoglycerate 9 Enolase 2 H2O 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 10 Pyruvate kinase 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate 2 Pyruvate
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Energy investment phase
Glucose 2 ADP + 2 P 2 ATP used Energy payoff phase 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed 2 NAD e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O Net Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 ATP 2 NAD e– + 4 H+ 2 NADH + 2 H+
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Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
ATP Accounting: Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration ATP NADH (1 NADH 3 ATP FADH2 (1 FADH2 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 Oxidative decarboxylation Krebs cycle Electron transport chain TOTALS
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Oxidative decarboxylation:
CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION NAD+ NADH + H+ 2 1 3 Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Coenzyme A CO2 Transport protein
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Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
ATP Accounting: Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration ATP NADH (1 NADH 3 ATP FADH2 (1 FADH2 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 Oxidative decarboxylation Krebs cycle Electron transport chain TOTALS
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KREBS CYCLE
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Acetyl CoA CoA—SH 1 Oxaloacetate Citrate Citric acid cycle
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Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle H2O
CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle
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Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle -Keto-
CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 + H+ CO2 -Keto- glutarate
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Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle -Keto-
CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 + H+ CO2 CoA—SH -Keto- glutarate 4 CO2 NAD+ NADH Succinyl CoA + H+
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Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle -Keto-
CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 + H+ CO2 CoA—SH -Keto- glutarate 4 CoA—SH 5 CO2 NAD+ Succinate P NADH i GTP GDP Succinyl CoA + H+ ADP ATP
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Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Malate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle
CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Malate Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 7 + H+ H2O CO2 Fumarate CoA—SH -Keto- glutarate 6 4 CoA—SH FADH2 5 CO2 NAD+ FAD Succinate P P NADH i GTP GDP Succinyl CoA + H+ ADP ATP
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Fig. 9-12-6 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Citric acid
CoA—SH 1 H2O Oxaloacetate 2 Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 + H+ CO2 Fumarate CoA—SH -Keto- glutarate 6 4 CoA—SH FADH2 5 CO2 NAD+ FAD Succinate P NADH i GTP GDP Succinyl CoA + H+ ADP ATP
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Fig. 9-12-8 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Malate Citrate Isocitrate Citric
CoA—SH NADH +H+ 1 H2O NAD+ 8 Oxaloacetate 2 Malate Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle NADH 3 7 + H+ H2O CO2 Fumarate CoA—SH -Keto- glutarate 4 6 CoA—SH FADH2 5 CO2 NAD+ FAD Succinate P NADH i GTP GDP Succinyl CoA + H+ ADP ATP
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Pyruvate CO2 NAD+ CoA NADH + H+ Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Citric acid cycle 2
Fig. 9-11 Pyruvate CO2 NAD+ CoA NADH + H+ Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Citric acid cycle 2 CO2 FADH2 3 NAD+ FAD 3 NADH + 3 H+ ADP + P i ATP
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Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
ATP NADH (1 NADH 3 ATP FADH2 (1 FADH2 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 Oxidative decarboxylation Krebs cycle 6 Electron transport chain TOTALS
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Electron Transport Chain
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Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis
Fig. 9-16 H+ H+ H+ H+ Protein complex of electron carriers Cyt c V Q ATP synthase 2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O FADH2 FAD NADH NAD+ ADP + P ATP i (carrying electrons from food) H+ 1 Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis Oxidative phosphorylation
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INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ Stator Rotor Internal rod Cata- lytic knob ADP
Fig. 9-14 INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ Stator Rotor Internal rod Cata- lytic knob ADP + P ATP i MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
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Citric acid cycle CYTOSOL Electron shuttles span membrane
MITOCHONDRION 2 NADH or 2 FADH2 2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2 Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Glucose + 2 ATP + 2 ATP + about 32 or 34 ATP About 36 or 38 ATP Maximum per glucose:
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Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
ATP NADH (1 NADH 3 ATP FADH2 (1 FADH2 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 Oxidative decarboxylation Krebs cycle 6 Electron transport chain 34 TOTALS 38 10
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Anaerobic Respiration
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Two types: Lactic acid fermentation
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2. Alcoholic fermentation
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What about other molecules we eat? Do they provide any energy?
Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
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So, we’ve been talking about how organisms extract energy from glucose…..so…..
WHERE DID THE ENERGY IN THE GLUCOSE COME FROM? And how did the sun’s energy get captured in glucose molecules?
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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The equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
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