1. Cellular Respiration
A process performed in the cells of ALL LIVING THINGS to release the energy in the bonds of food and allow the cell to create ATP energy
*Can break down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

2. 2. Aerobic Respiration Requires OXYGEN as a reactant.
In prokaryotes, starts in the cytoplasm and ends on the cell membrane.
In eukaryotes, starts in the cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondria.

3. Aerobic Respiration in Eukaryotic cells
First = Glycolysis =
break down of glucose in
the cytoplasm

4. Aerobic Respiration in Eukaryotic cells
Second = The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) = occurs within the matrix of the mitochondrion = continues to break down what remains of glucose.

5. Aerobic Respiration in Eukaryotic cells
Third = The Electron Transport Chain = Moves hydrogen ions across the cristae of the mitochondrion to produce the bulk of the ATP that is yielded by aerobic respiration.

6. 3. Animal Structures and Processes Associated with Aerobic Respiration
Structures for Gas Exchange:
*Cell membrane of unicellular organisms
*Outer cell layer – ectoderm, skin
*Vertebrates = gills, lungs

8. 3. Animal Structures and Processes Associated with Aerobic Respiration
*Diffusion moves oxygen in and carbon dioxide molecules into and out of the cells and other structures (skin, gills, lungs) *The circulatory system aided the movement of gases.

9. b. Food must be obtained:
*Autotrophs Photosynthesize to produce food in the cells that contain Chloroplasts. The food is then delivered to other cells by the phloem.

10. b. Food must be obtained:
*Heterotrophs must consume food, then digest the food before it can be used for respiration.

11. Aerobic Respiration Equation:

12. *Occurs in the Cytoplasm *The Splitting of Glucose
Cellular Respiration
*Occurs in the Cytoplasm
Starts With
GLYCOLYSIS
*The Splitting of Glucose

13. NAD picks up Hydrogen = NADH Produces 2 ATP Produces 2 molecules of
Releases Hydrogen
NAD picks up Hydrogen = NADH
Produces
2 ATP
Produces
2 molecules of
Pyruvic Acids
*More ATP can be produced by breaking down the pyruvic acids.
*Moves to the Aerobic Pathway

14. *In the matrix of the Mitochondria
Pyruvate
*A series of chemical reactions that breaks down pyruvate to make more ATP
Goes to
The Krebs Cycle
*In the matrix of the Mitochondria

15. NAD and FAD pick up H = NADH and FADH2
The Krebs Cycle
Produces
Carbon Dioxide
-Diffuses out of the cell as waste.
Produces
2 ATP
NAD and FAD pick up H = NADH and FADH2

16. Electron Transport Chain Across the cristae of the mitochondria.
Hydrogen ions from Krebs Cycle
*A series of enzymes that move the hydrogen ions across the cristae to create more ATP
Enters the
Electron Transport Chain
Across the cristae of the mitochondria.

17. In the Final Step, Hydrogen is combined with Oxygen to create water
Produces
32-34 ATP
*This process removes hydrogen from the system to allow more hydrogen to move through the chain.

18. ATP and Aerobic Respiration Bozeman Biology Respiration
Crash Course Video
ATP and Aerobic Respiration
Bozeman Biology Respiration

19. Fermentation Does NOT use oxygen Occurs only in the Cytoplasm =
Consists only of GLYCOLYSIS =
only 2 ATP of energy produced.
Results in a variety of waste products (based on the type of fermentation and organism involved)

20. Type of Fermentation = Lactate Fermentation
Example 1 = Lactobacillus sp. bacteria
GLYCOLYSIS
* In the Cytoplasm
Produces
2 ATP
Pyruvate is converted to Lactate (Lactic acid) = waste

22. Example #1 = Importance to Humans
* Lactobacillus sp. bacteria are used in the production of some dairy products. The bacteria feed on milk sugars, producing lactic acid which decreases the pH of the milk and causes the milk to thicken. This enhances the flavor/texture of the food.
Examples = yogurt, cheeses, sour cream, buttermilk

23. Example #2 = Importance to Humans
Lactobacillus bacteria feed on the sugars in cucumbers and cabbage which produces lactic acid and “sours”
(changes the pH and texture) the vegetables =
pickles and sauerkraut.

24. Example #3 = Importance to Humans
Some Lactobacillus bacteria can be found living in the human mouth. They feed on the sugars left behind after a meal and produce lactate which can destroy tooth enamel
= cavities.

25. Example 4= Lactic acid production in human muscle cells .
REMEMBER: Human muscle cells respire aerobically !!!
*Muscle cell working
*Not enough oxygen supplied to serve as the final H acceptor in the electron Transport Chain = ETC STOPS! = NOT produced!!

26. * Krebs Cycle stop = 2 more ATP are not produced
*Only Glycolysis to produce ATP (2)
*Pyruvate is converted to Lactic Acid.
*Result is a burning sensation (due to the lactic acid) in the muscle cells just before the cells run out of energy and stop functioning.

28. B. Ethanol Fermentation
Example = Yeast, a unicellular fungus
GLYCOLYSIS
* In the Cytoplasm
Pyruvate is converted to Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) = waste
Carbon Dioxide is released = waste
Produces
2 ATP

31. Example #1 – Importance to humans
Yeast is used in the production of bread.
* Yeast feeds on the carbohydrates in bread dough and respire.
* The carbon dioxide causes the dough to rise = fluffy, porous bread after baking.
*The ethanol evaporates off during baking.

32. Example #2= importance to humans
2.Yeast are used in the production of alcoholic beverages.
* Yeast feeds on the sugars in various fruits and seeds (grapes, wheat, barley)
* The ethanol produced creates the alcoholic nature of beer, wines, etc.

33. Example #3 = importance to humans
*Soy beans and corn is fermented to produce biofuel such as Ethanol.