1. Ch 21 and 22
Turk
NIHS

2. The Major Biomes Chapter 21
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
The Major Biomes
The major types of terrestrial ecosystems, known as biomes, are tundra, tropical forest, temperate forest, taiga, temperate grassland, savanna, chaparral, and desert.

3. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Tundra
Tundra is a cold biome characterized by permafrost under the surface of the ground.

4. Forests Chapter 21 Tropical Forests
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Forests
Tropical Forests
Tropical forests receive abundant rainfall and have stable temperatures.
They have a greater species richness than any other biome.

5. Forests, continued Temperate Forests
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Forests, continued
Temperate Forests
Temperate forests have coniferous trees, which bear seeds in cones, or deciduous trees, which shed their leaves each year.
Temperate Deciduous Forests
The trees in temperate deciduous forests shed all of their leaves in the fall.

6. Forests, continued Taiga
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Forests, continued
Taiga
Taiga is cold but is warmer than tundra and receives more precipitation.
Taiga is dominated by coniferous forests.

7. Grasslands Chapter 21 Temperate Grasslands
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Grasslands
Temperate Grasslands
Temperate grasslands occur in areas with cold winters and hot summers.
They are dominated by grasses and herds of grazing animals.
Savanna
Savannas are tropical grasslands with alternating wet and dry seasons.
They are dominated by herds of grazing animals.
Chaparral
Chaparral is found in coastal regions with warm, dry summers and mild winters.
It is dominated by dense, spiny shrubs.

8. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Deserts
Deserts receive less than 25 cm (9.9 in.) of precipitation per year.
Desert inhabitants have adaptations for conserving water.

9. Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Ocean Zones
The photic zone in the ocean receives light, but the aphotic zone does not.
The Intertidal Zone
In the intertidal zone, organisms must be able to tolerate drying and pounding by waves.

10. Ocean Zones, continued Chapter 21 The Neritic Zone
Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Ocean Zones, continued
The Neritic Zone
The neritic zone receives nutrients from the bottom of the ocean and from land. It is the ocean’s richest zone in terms of the number of species and individuals.
The Oceanic Zone
Production in the oceanic zone is limited by a shortage of nutrients.
Estuaries
Estuaries are very productive areas where rivers and streams flow into the sea.

11. Freshwater Zones Chapter 21 Lakes and Ponds
Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Freshwater Zones
Lakes and Ponds
Oligotrophic lakes are clear and lacking in nutrients.
Eutrophic lakes are rich in nutrients and are often murky.
Rivers and Streams
Rivers and streams are bodies of water that flow down an elevation gradient within a watershed.
Freshwater Wetlands
Freshwater wetlands are areas of land, such as marshes and swamps, that are covered with fresh water for at least part of each year.

12. Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Atmosphere
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Environmental Issues
Atmosphere
Important parts of the atmosphere are greenhouse gases, which trap heat on Earth, and the ozone layer, which shields Earth from UV radiation.
The atmosphere’s ability to trap heat is called the greenhouse effect.

13. Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found in an area.
Measuring Biodiversity
Biodiversity can be measured in different ways, including by species richness, species evenness, and genetic diversity.

14. Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Pollution
Human impacts range from local pollution to global change in ecosystems.
Ozone Thinning
Industrial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) act as catalysts in chemical reactions that break down O3 molecules in the ozone layer.
Most countries have banned CFCs, and the ozone layer seems to be recovering.

15. Pollution, continued Chapter 22 Global Warming
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Pollution, continued
Global Warming
The correlation of increasing atmospheric CO2 and rising global temperature suggests a cause-and- effect relationship.
Considering several types of evidence, many scientists have concluded that increased CO2 levels have caused warmer surface temperatures on Earth.

16. Pollution, continued Chapter 22 Acid Precipitation
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Pollution, continued
Acid Precipitation
Certain air pollutants cause acid precipitation, which harms or kills many organisms.
Mostly due to sulfur from burning fossil fuels

17. Pollution, continued Chapter 22 Land and Water Pollution
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Pollution, continued
Land and Water Pollution
The release of toxic chemicals, such as DDT, into the biosphere can impact ecosystems in many ways, especially when chemicals undergo biological magnification.

18. Ecosystem Disruption, continued
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Ecosystem Disruption, continued
Extinction
Human impacts on the environment are causing an increasing number of extinctions.
Important causes of extinctions are habitat destruction, the transfer of invasive species to new habitats, harvesting, and hunting.
This loss of species has both known and unknown effects on ecosystems.
Ecosystem Imbalances
Species such as the sea otter that affect many other species in a community are called keystone species.