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Technology in Architecture
Lecture 18 Fire & Life Safety Fire Protection Systems
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Fire & Life Safety
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Sources of Ignition Chemicals: spontaneous combustion
Electrical: resistance, overloaded wiring, lightning Mechanical: sparks and friction
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Products of Combustion
Fire/Heat Smoke Gases toxic, displace oxygen carbon monoxide cyanide foam rubber hydrogen chloride PVC hydrogen sulfide sulfur dioxide ammonia
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Fire & Life Safety Objectives
Protection of Life Protection of Property Continuity of Operation Codes specify minimum acceptable level of performance
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Protection of Life Physical limits 2-way travel on stairs
Evacuation: clear pathways, smoke free, minimum 32” entrance width, 2 hour walls/doors Physical limits 2-way travel on stairs Do not include elevators M: p.1148, T.25.3
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Property Protection Increased reliability of internal systems
Access for fire/life safety vehicles Increased reliability of internal systems Estimated time of arrival of fire fighters Adequate water volume and pressure Exposure protection from surrounding context Compartmentation Automatic detection/ suppression systems Structural Protection M: p.1154, F.25.7
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Continuity of Operations
Fire detection/suppression systems in critical areas Smoke purging systems Waterproof/water containment M: p. 1158, F.25.11
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Building System Requirements
Enhance Fire/Life Safety High thermal mass Adequate water pressure Overhangs on windows Reduce Fire/Life Safety Open plan Forced air systems Electric lighting only Sunscreens Non-operable windows Insulation Acoustical materials
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Smoke Management Strategies
Confinement Fire walls Smoke barriers Dilution Pressurized stairwells Exhaust Large atria HVAC Pressurize building Automated Ventilating Hatches
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Water Management Strategies
+ cools smothers fire removes heat/oxygen - damages contents conducts electricity dilutes oil changes to steam
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Water Management Strategies
Water Sources Standpipes siamese connection to outside Hose Cabinets siamese connection or house tank Sprinkler Systems siamese connection or house tank
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Water Management Strategies
Sprinkler Head Types Semi-Recessed Recessed Pendant Upright Sidewall
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Water Management Strategies
Hazard levels Light Ordinary Extra-hazard M: p. 1166, T.25.7
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Water Management Strategies
Sprinkler spacing orientation sprinkler type hazard level M: p. 1169, T.25.9
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Fire Protection Systems
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Fire Protection Systems
Sprinkler System Types Wet-pipe Dry-pipe Preaction Deluge
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Wet-pipe Systems Water in pipe Sprinkler activated Sprinklers closed
Used in areas with temperature> 40ºF M: p. 1172, F.25.18
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Dry-pipe Systems Compressed air or nitrogen in pipe
Sprinkler activated Sprinkler closed Used in unheated areas Valve in heated enclosure M: p. 1177, F.25.23
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Preaction System Air in pipe Minimal air pressure Separate detectors
Sprinklers closed Used in water-damage sensitive areas Delay in filling allows time to find/fight fire M: p. 1178, F.25.24
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Deluge System Air in pipe Separate detectors Sprinklers open
Used where extremely rapid fire spread expected M: p. 1179, F.25.25
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Non-Water Suppression Systems
Halogenated Gases now illegal Foams Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Clean Agent Gases Portable Fire Extinguishers
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Design Considerations
Head location/type Uniform coverage Symmetry Connectivity M: p. 1173, F.25.19
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Example Layout
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