1. Behavioral & Humanistic Approaches
Personality
Behavioral & Humanistic Approaches

2. John Watson
Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-informed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artists, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years. (1924)

3. Behavioral Approach Basic Tenets of Behaviorism
Behavior is the subject of psychology
Behavior is a product of learning

4. Learning
B. F. Skinner
Identified many of the basic laws of operant conditioning
Operant Conditioning
A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

5. Learning Reinforcement
A consequence that increases the probability of a behavior occurring again

6. Learning
Punishment
A consequence that decreases the probability of the behavior occurring again

7. Superstitious Behavior
Explained by conditioning in which consequences is not a result of behavior, but is perceived to be
“accidental reinforcement”
Intermittent (or partial) Reinforcement
Where behavior is sporadically reinforced
Most powerful reinforcement

8. Social Learning Theory (a. k. a. Observational Learning)
Albert Bandura
Expanded the role of reinforcement & the degree to which person is involved in learning

9. Social Learning & Reinforcement
Direct Reinforcement (Behavior  Consequence)
Self-Reinforcement (pride, guilt, shame)
Vicarious Reinforcement
Model
Person whose behavior is observed by others

10. Social Learning Model
ABILITY
MOTIVATION
ATTENTION
RETENTION
First, individuals must pay attention to important features of behavior to be modeled
Must be able to reproduce behavior
Behavior must be remembered
Individual will only engage in behavior if it is in best interest of the individual

11. Social Learning Theory

12. Bandura vs. Skinner

13. Humanism
Emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom, & potential for personal growth

14. Carl Rogers Person Centered Approach
“The organism has one basic tendency and striving –to actualize, maintain, and enhance …”
Unconditional Positive Regard
Acceptance that is not contingent upon certain behaviors

15. Humanism: Basic Elements
Self
Incongruence-Congruence
Self
Reality or Ideal Self

16. Humanism: Basic Elements
Self
Incongruence-Congruence
Reality / Ideal Self
Self