1. Amity Business School
Amity School of Business BBAGEN, SEMESTER II ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR (BBAHR-10201) Ms. Kushi Sharma

2. LEARNING
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior tendency) that occurs as a result of a person’s interaction with the environment.
Learning is an important part of knowledge management and influences ability, role perceptions, and motivation in the MARS model of individual performance.

3. LEARNING
Learning is modification of behaviour through practices, training or experience.
It is an important component of OB because of its impact on individual behaviour.
Learning takes place in various forms: the four models explaining this are:
Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Cognitive learning and Social learning.

5. THEORIES OF LEARNING Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
Key Concepts
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response

6. The major theorist in the development of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov, noble prize winner,a Russian scientist trained in biology and medicine
Pavlov was studying the digestive system of dogs and became intrigued with his observation that dogs deprived of food began to salivate when one of his assistants walked into the room.
He began to investigate this phenomena and established the laws of classical conditioning.

11. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
BEFORE CONDITIONING
NO RESPONSE
BELL
UNCONDITIONED
STIMULI(US)
(FOOD)
UNCONDITIONED
RESPONSE(UR)
(SALIVATION)
DURING CONDITIONING
CONDITIONED
STIMULUS(CS)
(BELL)
UNCONDITIONED
STIMULUS(US)
(FOOD)
UNCONDITIONED
RESPONSE(UR)
(SALIVATION)
AFTER CONDITIONING
CONDITIONED
STIMULUS(CS)
(BELL)
CONDITIONED
RESPONSE(CR)
(SALIVATION)

12. Operant Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Key Concepts
Reflexive (unlearned) behavior
Conditioned (learned) behavior
Reinforcement

13. Also called instrumental conditioning, refers to the process that our behaviour produces certain consequences and how we behave in the future will depend on what those consequences are.
If our actions have pleasant effects,then we will be more likely to repeat them in the future and vice-versa.
Thus, according to this theory behaviour is the function of its consequences. It emphasises voluntary behaviours.

14. OPERANT BEHAVIOUR AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
THE INDIVIDUAL
CONSEQUENCES
Is paid
Meets more people
Obtains food
Finds/reads a book
Receives merit pay
BEHAVIOURS
Works
Talks to others
Enters a restaurant
Enters a library
Increases productivity

15. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING V/S OPERANT CONDITIONING
PROACTIVE:( responses are emitted by a person)
CHOICE: ( responses are variable in types and degrees)
CS is situation such as office, a social setting, a specific set of circumstances.
REACTIVE:(responses are elicited from a person)
NO CHOICE:( responses are fixed to stimulus)
CS is stimulus such as sound, an object, a person.

16. Cognitive-Learning Theory
People are conscious, active participants in how they learn.
(Edward Toleman)
Key Concepts
Prior learning
Behavioural choice
Perceived consequence

17. People use past learning and expereinces as a basis for present behaviour. These experiences represent presumed knowledge or cognitions.
For eg. An employee faced with a choice of job transfer will use previous experience in deciding to accept or not the offer.
He will recognise the consequences, thus when he accepts the offer when he understands that acceptance will lead to better rewards and experience.
Finally, he will choose this learning for future assignments in favour of pleasant outcomes.

18. COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY
FEEDBACK
PRIOR
LEARNING
BEHAVIOURAL
CHOICE
PERCEIVED
CONSEQUENCES
COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY

19. Social-Learning Theory
Key Concepts
Attentional processes
Retention processes
Motor reproduction processes
Reinforcement processes
Social-Learning Theory
People can learn through observation and direct experience. The social
learning theory proposed by Albert Bandura proposed that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling).

20. Remember what model did
Pay attention to model
Remember what model did
BEHAVIOUR
Practise model’s
behaviour
Motivated to
imitate model?
SOCIAL LEARNING
Imitate
Model’s
behaviour

21. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Attentional processes: People learn from a model only when they recognise and pay attention to its critical features.
Retention processes: A model’s influence will depend on how well the individual remembers the model’s action after the model is no longer readily available.

22. Motor- reproduction processes: After a person has seen a new behaviour by observing the model, the watching must be converted into doing.
Reinforcement processes: Individuals will be motivated to exhibit the modeled behaviour if positive incentives or rewards are provided.
Behaviours that are positively reinforced will be given
more attention, learned better and performed
more often.

23. SHAPING BEHAVIOUR Shaping Behavior
Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.
Key Concepts
Reinforcement is required to change behavior.
Some rewards are more effective than others.
The timing of reinforcement affects learning speed and permanence.

24. BEHAVIOUR INCREASES OR IS MAINTAINED
POSITIVE
REINFORCE--MENT
NEGATIVE
PUNISHMENT
EXTINCTION
BEHAVIOUR DECREASES
CONSEQUENCE IS REMOVED
CONSEQUENCE IS INTRODUCED
NO CONSEQUENCE

25. A reinforcer is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. There are two kinds of reinforcers: Positive reinforcers are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. Negative reinforcers involve the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior.
In both of these cases of reinforcement, the behavior increases.

26. Punishment is the presentation of an adverse event or outcome that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows. There are two kinds of punishment: Positive punishment involves the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows. Negative punishment occurs when an favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. In both of these cases of punishment, the behavior decreases.