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3.3 Learning Theories- Conditioning

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1 3.3 Learning Theories- Conditioning
What is operant conditioning? How is reinforcement used relating to the Stimulus response bond?

2 Operant Conditioning Skinner found that rats learned to hit a lever which presented them with food. He called this process of learning to repeat actions for reward operant conditioning. Operant conditioning suggests that a correct response to a stimuli can be encouraged by:- Positive reinforcement to encourage correct response Negative reinforcement to discourage incorrect response This relationship between stimulus and response is known as the Stimulus-Response bond When a correct action is reinforced the link to the correct response becomes stronger When an incorrect action is not reinforced the link to the correct response becomes weaker

3 Operant Conditioning (cont.)
Strengthening the SR bond Positive reinforcement- praise or rewards Early success- Coach should set easy targets to ensure initial success (develops confidence) Mental rehearsal- Going over performance helps develop an automatic response Task as a whole- Coach should allow performer to practice skill as a whole to develop understanding Negative reinforcement- withdrawal of praise which had previously been given Punishment- Use carefully to avoid lowering confidence/motivation (fine, dropped from team or made to do extra training) Thorndike’s three laws to promote learning Law of exercise- practice will strengthen the SR bond Law of effect- praise will strengthen but criticism will weaken Law of readiness- tasks need to be within capabilities of performer

4 Criticisms of Operant conditioning
Learner isn’t required to understand why they should do something. Can lead to a lack of motivation Trail and error may lead to the wrong technique being adapted if it meets initial success. May then need to un-learn the skill Learner may not know how to react when the stimulus is slightly different from those already experienced. Links to Schema theory Form of learning implies that every situation has a stimulus-response bond created Is this realistic? Beginners do not react well to negative reinforcement and the use of punishment. Requires the learner to react without understanding

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