1. Sectionalism! North, West, South
Mr. Owens

2. Essential Questions
What were the causes and effects of the rise of the cotton industry in the South and how did connect with the industrial and more urban North?
How did the continued growth and reliance on agriculture contribute to a growing regional identity in the South?
How did regional interests (sectionalism) often trump national political concerns especially on economic policy and slavery?

3. Agriculture
Rise of commercial agriculture – cash crops for market instead of subsistence due to cheap land, easy credit & expanded markets due to transportation
Cotton & South: Eli Whitney’s Cotton gin 1793 – cotton replaced indigo & tobacco & expanded west – high demand for British textile industry

4. The South Primarily agrarian.
Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.”
“Cotton Is King!” * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr (57% of total US exports).
Lack of industrialization - De Bow’s Review.
Rudimentary (basic) financial system - “factors”.
Inadequate transportation system.

5. Southern Society (1850) “Slavocracy” [plantation owners]
“Cavalier Image”
6,000,000
The “Plain Folk” [white yeoman farmers]
Poor Whites - 500,000
Black Freemen
250,000
Black Slaves 3.2 million (4 million by 1860)
(up from 1 mil. in 1800)
Total US Population  23,000,000 [9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

6. Southern Population

7. Southern Agriculture

8. Changes in Cotton Production
1820
1860

9. US Laws Regarding Slavery
U. S. Constitution: * 3/5s compromise [I.2] * Article IV Section 2 - fugitive slave clause
1793  Fugitive Slave Act - illegal to assist escaped slaves - fugitives for life - slave catching industry
1850  stronger Fugitive Slave Act - stronger punishment and slaves couldn’t testify - rewards.

10. Emancipation in the North
But these dates are misleading - PA law freed newborns at 28 - some slaves in 1830s - NJ 1860s.

11. The Culture of Slavery
Black Christianity [Baptists or Methodists] * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.
“Pidgin” or Gullah languages.
Nuclear family with extended kin links, where possible.
Importance of music in their lives -esp. spirituals
RESISTANCE
“Sambo” - slaves playing up to stereotypes around owners
Defiance - Refusal to work hard.
Theft & isolated acts of sabotage.
Escape via the Underground Railroad.
Revolt – Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831, VA

12. “Sold Down the River”
Upper South - years of tobacco had exhausted soil in Virginia, Maryland, & NC
Expanding demand for slaves in Deep South for cotton
“Breeding plantations”
million slaves sold “down the river” - also used as punishment
250,000 slaves shipped in 1850s alone

13. Southern Pro-Slavery Propaganda
What is the message?

14. How should slavery impact the legacy of early presidents and founding fathers?
PRESIDENTS AND SLAVERY ( )
1. George Washington – 317
2. John Adams - 0
3. Thomas Jefferson – 237
4. James Madison – 118
5. James Monroe – 75
6. John Quincy Adams – 0
7. Andrew Jackson – 200
8. Martin Van Buren – 1
9. William Henry Harrison – 11
10. John Tyler – 70
11. James K. Polk – 24
12. Zachary Taylor – 145