1. The Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

2. The Scientific Revolution

3. In the _______s and 1600s, the _________ Revolution changed how people looked at the ________. During the 1600s and _________s, people used what they had learned from the Scientific Revolution and applied it to _________, coming up with new ________ of viewing government.
1500
Scientific
world
1700
society
ways

4. From the 1500s-1700s, Europeans:
Experienced the Scientific Revolution, which caused people to _______ their views about the _________
Entered the Enlightenment, in which ___________ applied _________ to society and government
Developed ideas about basic human __________ and _________
Began to consider ________ ideas and the concept of ________
question
world
people
reason
behavior
rights
government
democracy

5. New Ideas About the Universe Revolution = ________
The period of change during the s, when people questioned _________ views of the world: The Scientific Revolution
CHANGE
traditional

6. Who Helped change these ideas?
Nicolaus __________: questioned the Church’s traditional _________, or earth-centered theory of the universe. Instead, proposed the _________, or ______-centered theory by using ___________ formulas and calculations.
__________ Galilei: Observed the _______ with his telescope, and charted _______/star movements. He was able to ________ the heliocentric theory. The ________ put him on trial for contradicting them, and he was forced to _________ (take back) his beliefs with the threat of death
copernicus
geocentric
sun
heliocentric
mathematical
sky
Galileo
planet
prove
Church
recant

7. Newton: further used the knowledge of Galileo and Copernicus and proved the theory of _________ and the idea that there are ________ laws in the universe
gravity
natural

8. New Ways of Thinking:
Scientists used ___________ and _____________and will develop the Scientific Method (_________ & Descartes)
René Descartes challenged the _____ idea that knowledge should be made to fit existing __________ideas
observation
experimentation
Bacon
old
traditional

9. Science and the Enlightenment
During the Scientific ____________, people begin using ___________ to explain things happening in the physical universe.
By the ________s, writers began applying these ideas to discover _________ laws, or laws that govern human behavior. By applying these laws (using the scientific method etc.) to real-world situations, these scholars felt they could solve society’s ___________.
Revolution
reason
1700
natural
problems

10. The Enlightenment

11. This new way of thinking led to the _____________, a period of time in the ________s when people rejected traditional ideas about society, and supported a belief in _________ reason.
Enlightenment
1700s
human

12. Leading Thinkers of the Enlightenment
John Locke- __________ thinker who believed in natural rights. These rights include the right to __________, liberty, and property. Many people will borrow Locke’s ideas for ___________ applications, like ____________________, while writing the US Declaration of Independence
English
life
government
Thomas Jefferson

13. Montesquieu- believed that governments should be separated into ____ branches: legislative (lawmaking), judicial (judges determine constitutionality of laws), and __________ (enforce the laws). This _____________of powers would serve as a system of checks and balances, to make sure no one branch of government was more ____________ than another. 3
Executive
separation
powerful

14. Voltaire- French thinker who believed in _____________ of speech
Voltaire- French thinker who believed in _____________ of speech. Wrote many books making fun of Louis XIV and absolute monarchs. Jailed for his ideas, and forced to move to Switzerland in exile. Also called for ___________ and religious freedom.
freedom
intellectual
Voltaire helped coin a new writing style: SATIRE and stated, “The PEN is mightier than the SWORD.”

15. Rousseau- Believed that people give up some of their __________ in order to better society (WE HAVE SPEED LIMITS in part because of this thinker!). This unwritten agreement in society is called a ___________ contract. We give up our own selfish interests for the common good of society. The majority should always work for the __________ good.
rights
social
common

16. Impact of the Enlightenment
Greater numbers of people began to question ___________ monarchs, traditional beliefs and customs
Governments (________) often tried to suppress/get rid of enlightenment ideas because they threatened ___________ ways of ruling
absolute
Kings
traditional

17. Many thinkers were thrown in ________ for their beliefs/ and the government ___________ their writing
prison
censored

18. despots
Enlightened ____________: Some monarchs were more supportive of these new ideas than others. They used their power as ________ to use some of these ideas to reform society for the better
Maria Theresa- improved her country’s _____ system, and didn’t make ___________ pay as much as richer people. She also worked to establish a system of __________ education in Austria to help children
Joseph II- furthered his mother’s policies (Maria Theresa) and made even more _________. He created more __________ changes in government, chose people for cabinet positions based on _______ rather than status, ended ___________, and got rid of __________ in Austria
monarchs
tax
peasants
public
reforms
democratic
merit
censorship
serfdom

19. Catherine the Great- corresponded with Enlightenment writers, like ___________ and Montesquieu, asked the __________ people for advice, built schools and __________, promoted education for _________, and extended religious _____________ (although later in her reign, she cracked down and got rid of many of these freedoms)
Voltaire
Russian
hospitals
females
tolerance

20. Democracy and Nationalism
The Enlightenment help inspire ___________ across Europe, a belief in ___________ freedom, and a sense of basic _________ of human beings
These _________ will later be used to ____________ political and religious authority across Europe, in the form of political _______________. People across Europe will soon fight for ____________ forms of government.
individualism
personal
equality
concepts
challenge
revolutions
democratic